AFD/GOK ROADS 2000 CENTRAL PHASES 2 PROJECT

QUALITY ASSURANCE – QUALITY CONTROL

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Norken Ltd
What is Quality?
Quality is meeting the requirements, expectations,
and needs of the customer being free from defects,
lacks and substantial variants. There are standard
needs to follow to satisfy the customer requirements.

What is Assurance?
Assurance is provided by organization management,
it means giving a positive declaration on a product
which obtains confidence for the outcome. It gives a
security that the product will work without any
glitches as per the expectations or requests.

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What is Quality Assurance?
Quality Assurance commonly known as QA focuses on
preventing defect. Quality Assurance ensures that the
approaches, techniques, methods and processes
designed for the projects are implemented correctly.
Quality assurance activities monitor and verify that the
processes used to manage and create the deliverables
have been followed and are operative.
Quality Assurance is a proactive process and is
preventative in nature. It recognizes flaws in the
process. Quality Assurance has to be complete before
Quality Control.

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What is Quality Control?
Quality Control commonly known as QC focuses on
identifying defect. QC ensures that the approaches,
techniques, methods and processes designed in the project
are followed correctly. QC activities monitor and verify that
the project deliverables meet the defined quality standards.
 Quality Control is a reactive process and is detection in
nature. It recognizes the defects. Quality Control follows
after Quality Assurance.
Difference between quality assurance process and quality
control
Many people think QA and QC are same and
interchangeable but this is not true. QA and QC both are
part of Quality Management however QA focuses on
preventing defects while QC is focuses on identifying the
defects. 4
Quality Assurance:
 It is a process which is deliberate on providing
assurance that quality request will be achieved.
•A QA aim is to prevent the defect.
•QA is the technique of managing the quality.
•QA does not involve executing the program.
•QA is the process to create the deliverables.

Quality Control:
•QC is a process which is deliberate on fulfilling the
quality request.
•A QC aim is to identify and improve the defects.
•QC is method to verify the quality.
•QC always involves executing the program.
•QC is the process to verify that deliverables
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Quality Assurance System at Operational Level
Starting Point:
Levels and Functions Involved QA Partners

1 Policy, Regulations and

overall Standards
1 MoR
KRB

Construction Norms & KRB

2 Standards, Planning and

Design, Monitoring and
Auditing
2 KeRRA HQ & Regions
MoR Materials Branch
Consultants
Capacity
Development
Inputs:
- Developme
nt Support
- Awareness

3 3
Contract Preparation, KeRRA Regions Creation
Tendering and Award, Counties - Training
Contract Supervision Consultants

KeRRA Regions

4 Work Implementation:
Workmanship and Quality
Control
4 Counties
Consultants
Contractors

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Requirements for Effective Quality Control
1. Clear roles and functions of all partners
2. QC system to be practical and adjusted to the given
conditions, e.g. limited resources, few available materials
laboratories.
3. To be standardised in terms of procedures, formats and
reporting and aligned with KeRRA standard planning and
reporting procedures for Roads 2000.
4. A well-structured and conducted introduction to the QC
system is essential for successful implementation.
5. QC system to be fully integrated into the training
programmes, e.g. KTC courses, trainings by projects.

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Principles of the QA and QC System
Coverage:

Coverage and Hierarchy

International
International and
and National
National
Construction Laws, R2000 QC System for Roads Works
Construction Laws,
Standards
Standards && Norms
Norms

QC
Maintenance
Contract
Contract Document
Document
QC Rehabilitation
General
General && Part.
Part. Tech.
Tech. Design
Design -- Tech.
Tech. Works (Gravel
Conditions
Conditions Specifications
Specifications Drawings
Drawings Standard)
QC Alternative
Pavements

Work
Work
Implementation
Implementation
Checking
Checking and
and
Workmanship
Workmanship Supervision
Supervision Testing
Testing

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Principles of the QC System
Roles and Responsibilities:
Contractual Arrangements Support and Advisory
AfD Project Services

Contractual Arrangements The Employer

County (DG KeRRA)

The Employer
The Employer’s Management
Management Support
Support
Representative Consultant
Consultant
(Authorised Person- GM
Planning and R2000)
The Engineer
(can be delegated to a
Consultant)
The Engineer (RM)

The Engineer’s
The Contractor Representative (DSC)

The Contractor

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 Engineer’s & Eng. Rep’s Contractor’s
Responsibilities Responsibilities
• The day to day supervision of • Ensuring quality of works as
the works and achieved specified
quality
• Arranging for all required
• Issuing of instructions to the tests as indicated in the
Contractor specifications and as
• Maintenance of site records instructed by the Engineer
including the site diary • Provision of labour, transport,
• Monitoring the Contractor’s measuring aids, e.g.
templates, boning rods,
work programme and
camber-boards etc as
progress achieved.
required for examining,
• Certification of the quality measuring and testing any
control tests and materials, and to supply
measurements carried out on samples of the materials for
site testing before the work is
carried out
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Implementation Arrangements

International
International and
and National
National
Construction
Construction Laws,
Laws,
Standards
Standards && Norms
Norms

Contract
Contract Document
Document

General
General and
and Tech.
Tech. Design
Design Drawings
Drawings Design and Preparation
Particular Conditions
Particular Conditions Specifications
Specifications

Work
Work Implementation
Implementation
Checking
Checking and
Workmanship
Workmanship Supervision
Supervision Testing
and Implementation
Testing

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Design and Contract Preparation Stage
• The RM is the Employer’s Representative and delegates to
the DSC the design and preparation of contract documents.
The RM retains their overall authority to approve designs,
tender and contract documents.

• The DSC carries out design works and preparation of

contract documents under the direct supervision of the RMs.
The DSC provides for each Region 1 RE and 1 RI plus for
each Constituency a TS. While the RE and RI mainly deal
with design and contract preparation as well as with
maintenance activities at regional level, the Technical
Supervisors are involved in direct supervision of road
rehabilitation works.

• The MSC provides support and advice to establish the

above-required capacity to carry out effective supervision.
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Implementation of Works’ Stage
• The RM is the Engineer and delegates to the DSC as the
Engineer’s Representative most of the direct supervision
tasks. The RM retains the overall authority to approve
variation orders and claims, as well as payments.

• The DSC carries out direct supervision tasks as delegates by

the Engineer. Besides routine supervisory activities, contract
supervision includes giving instructions to the Contractor,
organising site meetings, checking and approving works
(quality control), checking labour and cross-cutting issues,
taking measurements (quantity control), recommending
variation orders and claims, preparing payment certificates
etc.

• The MSC provides support and advice to establish the

above-required capacity to carry out effective supervision.

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Quality Control Arrangements
Quality Control and Material Tests for Implementation
Stage
The following principal QC measures are required for
rehabilitation works

1.Material tests for gravel, aggregate and sand

2.Field and laboratory tests for compaction densities, concrete and

mortar

3.Setting-out control vertical and horizontal alignments, gradients,

camber,

4.Dimension control for all work items

5.Workmanship control

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Material and Compaction Tests
Material and compaction tests require to some degree laboratory
analysis while all other QC activities can be carried out on site.

• Several options are theoretically possible,

• Most are beyond the available capacity (Employer & Contractor),
• Conventional compaction tests using sand-replacement method are
technically possible, but more than 500 per month are beyond the
capacity of the available laboratories,
• Also serious logistical problem,
• Also beyond capacity of small-scale contractors to set-up their
own laboratories.
• It is therefore recommended to carry out routine
compaction density tests using a Dynamic Cone
Penetrometer (DCP).

Note: Once calibrated to ordinary CBR test the DCP allows for rapid and
reliable measurements and thus delays for approval to continue with
works can be minimised. Where sections with doubtful results occur,
reconfirmation tests using sand-replacement method need to be carried
out.

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Regional Managers’ Field Laboratory
It is strongly recommended to establish Field Laboratories at
Regional level to be able to provide effective and efficient
quality tests!
• 2 No. Sand replacement equipment set, including mason
hammers, chisels, scoops and brushes
• 1 No. Drying oven with thermostat
• 1 No. Dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP)
• 1 No. Set of standard sieves
• 1 No. Weighing balance, up to 0.01g and 0.1g, capacity 2Kgs
• 2 No. Slump test cone, including base plate and taping rod
• 1 No. Schmidt hammer (concrete compressive strength)
• 2 No. 5m tape measures
• 2 Set of ordinary hand-tools
• One qualified Laboratory Technican
 Approx. cost for lab equipment = Ksh 2.0 million per lab

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Setting-out, Dimension and Workmanship Control
• No sophisticated test equipment and procedures required
• Long-established procedures specifically developed for
labour-based road works and are well documented in all
relevant manuals and guidelines
• The contract document specifies the various control and
measuring methods for each and every work item
 Templates, measuring aids a must to be on site and
in use all the time!!
 Each TS of DSC to have an own set for site
supervision!!

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Recording and Reporting
Prerequisite is that the Project (or better KeRRA) has a
standardised Planning, Reporting and Monitoring
system in place!

• QC is part of this system and thus key indicators on quality

should be identified and integrated to it
The MSC in close consultation with the RMs and DSCs may
draft the system and submit it to KeRRA for approval
• For laboratory and compaction tests, standard
formats will be used (as advised by Materials
Department)
• For site control standard formats (Quality Control
Minutes) and checking procedures will be developed

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QC Procedures
The Contractor Testing
Responsible for delivering quality work
as per specifications and professional
workmanship practices:
Responsible for Materials
controlling quality on Material Tests: Department:
behalf of the Employer Use Mat. Dep. Lab and RM Field Lab as
represented by the RM. instructed by the Engineer CBR and concrete cube
crush tests
Instructs the Field Density Tests:
Contractor to carry out Use Mat. Dep. Lab and RM Field Lab as
material, density and instructed by the Engineer
concrete laboratory RM Field Laboratory:
and field tests. Concrete Tests: DCP density tests,
Use Mat. Dep. Lab and RM Field Lab as gravel tests, slump
Checks measurements instructed by the Engineer tests, sand
and workmanship replacement samples
compliance on site. Measurements and Workmanship:  for density tests by
Site QC using specified measuring and Mat Dep.
Approves test results control instruments
and work quality
achieved on site

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 Quality Approval Milestone System Gravel road works

 ensures efficient testing and approval to allow the

contractor to uninterruptedly continue with work activities

Approval Milestones
Stripping and Grubbing Formation Compaction Scour Checks Gravelling = Compaction Finishing Works
04-50-009 05-50-005 08-70-xxx 10-60-xxx 20-50-xxx

Fields of Activities with Respective Tests

Setting Out &

Earthworks Culverts & Drainage Gravelling Finishing Works
Site Clearance

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Quality Approval Milestone System LVS road works
 ensures efficient testing and approval to allow the
contractor to uninterruptedly continue with work activities

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