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 Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)
 ISI in the detection process due to the filtering
effects of the system
 Overall equivalent system transfer function

H ( f )  Ht ( f )H c ( f )H r ( f )
 creates echoes and hence time dispersion
 causes ISI at sampling time

z k  sk  nk    i si
ik

2
 Inter-symbol interference
 Baseband system model
x1 x2
zk
 xk  Tx filter Channel r (t ) Rx. filter  x̂k 
ht (t ) hc (t ) hr (t ) Detector
t  kT
T Ht ( f ) Hc( f ) Hr ( f )
x3 T n(t )

 Equivalent model
x1 x2
Equivalent system zk
 xk  z (t )  x̂k 
h(t ) Detector
t  kT
T H( f )
x3 T nˆ (t )
filtered noise
H ( f )  Ht ( f )H c ( f )H r ( f )
3
 Nyquist bandwidth constraint
 Nyquist bandwidth constraint:
 The theoretical minimum required system bandwidth to
detect Rs [symbols/s] without ISI is Rs/2 [Hz].
 Equivalently, a system with bandwidth W=1/2T=Rs/2 [Hz]
can support a maximum transmission rate of 2W=1/T=Rs
[symbols/s] without ISI.
1 Rs Rs
 W   2 [symbol/s/Hz]
2T 2 W
 Bandwidth efficiency, R/W [bits/s/Hz] :
 An important measure in DCs representing data throughput
per hertz of bandwidth.
 Showing how efficiently the bandwidth resources are used
by signaling techniques.
4
Ideal Nyquist pulse (filter)
Ideal Nyquist filter Ideal Nyquist pulse

H( f ) h(t )  sinc(t / T )
T 1

0 f  2T  T 0 T 2T t
1 1
2T 2T
1
W
2T
5
 Nyquist pulses (filters)
 Nyquist pulses (filters):
 Pulses (filters) which results in no ISI at the sampling
time.
 Nyquist filter:
 Its transfer function in frequency domain is obtained
by convolving a rectangular function with any real
even-symmetric frequency function
 Nyquist pulse:
 Its shape can be represented by a sinc(t/T) function
multiply by another time function.
 Example of Nyquist filters: Raised-Cosine filter
6
 Pulse shaping to reduce ISI
 Goals and trade-off in pulse-shaping
 Reduce ISI
 Efficient bandwidth utilization
 Robustness to timing error (small side lobes)

Lecture 6 7
 The raised cosine filter
 Raised-Cosine Filter
 A Nyquist pulse (No ISI at the sampling time)

1 for | f | 2W0  W

2   | f | W  2W0 
H ( f )  cos   for 2W0  W | f | W
 4 W  W0 
0 for | f | W
cos[2 (W  W0 )t ]
h(t )  2W0 (sinc( 2W0t ))
1  [4(W  W0 )t ]2
W  W0
Excess bandwidth: W  W0 Roll-off factor r 
W0
0  r 1
Lecture 6 8
The Raised cosine filter – cont’d
| H ( f ) || H RC ( f ) | h(t )  hRC (t )
1 r 0 1

r  0.5
r 1
0.5 0.5
r 1 r  0.5
r 0

1  3 1 0 1 3 1  3T  2T  T 0 T 2T 3T
T 4T 2T 2T 4T T

Rs
Baseband W sSB (1  r ) Passband W DSB (1  r ) Rs
2

Lecture 6 9
 Pulse shaping and equalization to
remove ISI
No ISI at the sampling time

H RC ( f )  H t ( f ) H c ( f ) H r ( f ) H e ( f )

 Square-Root Raised Cosine (SRRC) filter and Equalizer

H
(f
)
RCH
(
t f
)H(
rf)
Taking care of ISI
H
(
f)
H
r(
f)H(
f)
H (
f)caused by tr. filter
t RC SRRC

1
He ( f )  Taking care of ISI
Hc ( f ) caused by channel

Lecture 6 10
 Example of pulse shaping
 Square-root Raised-Cosine (SRRC) pulse shaping
Amp. [V]

Baseband tr. Waveform

Third pulse

t/T

First pulse
Second pulse

Data symbol

Lecture 6 11
 Example of pulse shaping …
 Raised Cosine pulse at the output of matched filter
Amp. [V]

Baseband received waveform at

the matched filter output
(zero ISI)

t/T

Lecture 6 12