Networking Basics

Course Code: 3116 Course Title: Computer Networks

Dept. of Computer Science

Faculty of Science and Technology

Lecturer No: 1 Week No: 1 Semester: Summer 19-20

Lecturer: Asma Fariha, Email: [email protected]
Lecture Outline

1. Overview of OSI model

2. Overview of TCP/IP Protocol Suite
3. Connecting Devices
 Repeater
 Hub
 Bridge
 Switch
 Bridge
4. Collision domain and Broadcast domain
5. Ethernet Standards
6. WLAN Standards
 Network Models
A network is a combination of hardware and software that sends
data from one location to another. The hardware consists of the
physical equipment that carries signals from one point of the
network to another. The software consists of instruction sets that
make possible the services that we expect from a network.
 Layered Tasks
We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an
example, let us consider two friends who communicate
through postal mail The process of sending a letter to a
friend would be complex if there were no services available
from the post office.

Fig: Tasks involved in sending a letter

OSI Model
Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization (ISO) is a multinational body
dedicated to worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO standard that covers all
aspects of network communications is the Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI) in late
1970s.

The purpose of the OSI model is to show how to facilitate communication between different
systems without requiring changes to the logic of the underlying hard­ ware and software. The OSI
model is not a protocol; it is a model for understanding and designing a network architecture that
is flexible, robust, and interoperable.
OSI Model cont.
OSI & TCP/IP Model
Application Layer

This section introduces two important concepts:

1. Application layer: The application layer of the OSI model provides the first
step of getting data onto the network.

2. Application software: Applications are the software programs used by people

to communicate over the network. Examples of application software, including
HTTP, FTP, e-mail, and others, are used to explain the differences between these
two concepts.
Presentation Layer

The presentation layer has three primary functions:

1. Coding and conversion of application layer data to ensure that data from
the source device can be interpreted by the appropriate application on the
destination device

2. Compression of the data in a manner that can be decompressed by the

destination device

3. Encryption of the data for transmission and decryption of data upon

receipt by the destination
Session Layer
Functions at the session layer create and maintain dialogs between source and
destination applications. The session layer handles the exchange of
information to initiate dialogs and keep them active, and to restart sessions
that are disrupted or idle for a long period of time.

This layer support the session by –

1. Establishing Connections
2. Maintaining Connections
3. Synchronizing Connections
4. Controlling Dialogues
5. Terminating Connections
Transport Layer
The Transport layer provides for the segmentation of data and the control necessary to
reassemble these pieces into the various communication streams. Its primary
responsibilities to accomplish this are:

1. Multiplexing and Demultiplexing

2. Segmenting data and managing each piece
3. Reassembling the segments into streams of application data
4. Identifying the different applications (HTTP 80, FTP 20,21)
Network Layer
The Network layer, or OSI Layer 3, provides services to exchange the individual pieces of
data over the network between identified end devices. To accomplish this end-to-end
transport, Layer 3 uses following basic processes:

1. Logical Addressing
2. Encapsulation
3. Routing
4. Decapsulation
5. Error handling & Diagnostics
Data Link Layer
The data link layer transforms the physical layer, a raw transmission facility, to a reli­able
link. It makes the physical layer appear error-free to the upper layer (network layer). Other
responsibilities of the data link layer include the following:

1. Framing: The data link layer divides the stream of bits received from the network layer
into manageable data units called frames.

2. Physical addressing: If frames are to be distributed to different systems on the

network, the data link layer adds a header to the frame to define the sender and/or
Receiver of the frame. If the frame is intended for a system outside the sender's
network, the receiver address is the address of the device that connects the network
to the next one.

3. Flow control: If the rate at which the data are absorbed by the receiver is less than the
rate at which data are produced in the sender, the data link layer imposes a Flow
control mechanism to avoid overwhelming the receiver.
 Data Link Layer cont.
4. Error control. The data link layer adds reliability to the physical layer by adding mechanisms to
detect and retransmit damaged or lost frames. It also uses a mecha­nism to recognize duplicate
frames. Error control is normally achieved through a trailer added to the end of the frame.

5. Access control. When two or more devices are connected to the same link, data link layer
protocols are necessary to determine which device has control over the link at any given time.
 Physical Layer
The OSI Physical layer provides the means to transport across the network media the
bits that make up a Data Link layer frame. This layer accepts a complete frame from the
Data Link layer and encodes it as a series of signals that are transmitted onto the local
media. The encoded bits that comprise a frame are received by either an end device or
an intermediate device.

The delivery of frames across the local media requires the following Physical layer
elements:

1. The physical media and associated connectors

2. A representation of bits on the media
3. Encoding of data and control information
4. Transmitter and receiver circuitry on the network devices
Encapsulation
Overview of TCP/IP protocol suite

 Application Layer
 Only layer which interacts with users
applications
 Takes data from users in sending end and
provide the data to user in the receiving end.
 Protocols include HTTP, DNS, FTP, SMTP.
 Implemented in source and destination devices Fig. 1Layers of TCP/IP protocol suite
 Transport Layer
only
 gets the message from the application layer, encapsulates it in a
segment and sends it, through the logical connection, to the transport
layer at the destination host.
 Message delivery can be reliable but slow (TCP) or unreliable but fast
(UDP)
 Provide port addressing to application layer programs
 Overview of TCP/IP protocol suite...
 Network Layer or Internet Layer
 Require for communication between multiple networks
 Introduces IP address , perform routing and congestion control
 Encapsulate segment into a packet (called IP datagram)
 Used in end devices and network layer devices (Router, PC, Layer 3
switch, etc.)
 Protocols include IP ICMP, RIP, EIGRP, OSPF etc.
 Data-link Layer
 Require for communication inside a network
 Introduces MAC address, perform error control and flow control
 Encapsulating packet into frame
 Used in all devices (PC, Router, Switch, Bridge) except hub & repeater
 Protocols include ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA
Overview of TCP/IP protocol suite….

 Physical Layer
 Accepts a complete frame from the Data Link layer and encodes it as
a series of signals that are transmitted onto the local media.
 Specifies transmission media
 Network physical topology [1]

Fig. 2 Encapsulation/Decapsulation
Connecting Devices
Repeater

 Repeater
 Layer 1 device that takes voltage from the line, amplifies the voltage, and
sends it down the line [3].
 Used to extend a network beyond the maximum length of the cable
segment [2]
 If there is any “noise” caused by electromagnetic interference on the wire,
it will also amplify the noise and send it [3].
 The use of three repeater in a row results in an unusable signal
transmission because of extreme noise [3].
 These devices are not in common use anymore; they have been replaced
by hubs, bridges, and switches.
Connecting Devices….
Repeater

switch/hub/bridge

Fig. 3 Use of repeaters and switch/hub/bridge [2]

 Connecting Devices….
Hub
 Hub
 A repeater with more than one output
port.
 Electrical signal comes through one port
of the hub and gets amplified and sent out
through all ports of the hub.
 if you have a 10-Mbps hub and three
devices are transmitting at the same time, Fig. 4 Broadcasting of a Hub [2]
each device gets one third of the
 For a successful transmission, only one station can send data at a time.
bandwidth [5].
 More active ports cause more collision among signal, thereby resulting in
lower data rate.
 A layer 1 device [2] and is Used to connect devices of a single network
Connecting Devices….
Bridge

 Bridge
 A layer 2 device
 Used to connect devices of a
single network
 It sends the received frame only
to the intended destination based
on the destination MAC address
of the frame.
 Better bandwidth usage [3].
 Unlike hub, it has error detection
capability
 Limited ports (2-4, usually 2 Fig. 5 Filtering of a Bridge [2]
ports)
 Connecting Devices….
Switch

 Switch D E
 A layer 2 device F
 Used to connect devices of a single
network
 Like a Bridge, it sends the received
frame only to the intended destination
based on the destination MAC address
of the frame.
 Unlike hub, it has error detection Frame to F
capability
 Hundreds of ports( 2 to more than 100) A B C
 Frame forwarding decision is taken
based hardware, hence it is faster than Fig. 6 Filtering of a Switch [2]
bridge [4].
 If you have a 10-Mpbs switch with
 Connecting Devices….
Router

 Router
 A layer 3 device
 Used to connect multiple networks
 Connected networks can have different
protocols and speed.
 Forward packets based on destination
IP address
 Most intelligent connecting device
 Can also be used to forward packet
within a network Fig. 7 Router connecting multiple
 Slower than switch because of its networks [6]
routing protocol implementation
Collision Domain

 The “collision domain” describes a network where packet collisions can occur when
two devices on a shared network medium send packets simultaneously.
 Hub: All ports belong to the same collision domain.
 Bridge, Switch, Router: Each port belongs to a separate collision domain.
 Broadcast Domain
 All the devices in the broadcast domain can reach via broadcast at the data link layer.
 A Broadcast Domain can receive any broadcast packet originating from any device
within the network segment.
 All ports of hub and switch belong to same broadcast domain but all ports of the router
belong do different broadcast domain [9].
Ethernet Standards
TABLE I Ethernet Standard [7]
Speed Common Informal Formal Cable Type Max.
Name Standard Standar Length
Name d Name
10 Ethernet 10BASE-T 802.3 Cat3 100 m
Mbps
100 Fast 100BASE-T 802.3u Cat5 100 m
Mbps Ethernet
1000 Gigabit 1000BASE- 802.3z Single mode fiber 5000 m
Mbps Ethernet LX
50-micron multimode fiber 550 m
62.5-micron multimode fiber 440 m
1000 Gigabit 1000BASE-T 802.3ab Cat5, Cat5e 100 m
Mbps Ethernet
10 10 Gig bit 10GBASE-T 802.3an Cat6, Cat6a 100 m
Gbps Ethernet
Ethernet Standards
TABLE I Ethernet Standard [7]

Speed Common Informal Formal Cable Type Max.

Name Standard Name Standard Length
Name
10 Mbps Ethernet 10BASE-T 802.3 Cat3 100 m
100 Mbps Fast Ethernet 100BASE-T 802.3u Cat5 100 m
1000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet 1000BASE-LX 802.3z Single mode fiber 5000 m
50-micron multimode fiber 550 m
62.5-micron multimode 440 m
fiber
1000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet 1000BASE-T 802.3ab Cat5, Cat5e 100 m
10 Gbps 10 Gig bit 10GBASE-T 802.3an Cat6, Cat6a 100 m
Ethernet
 WLAN Standards
TABLE II WLAN Standard [8]
Release Standar Frequen Bandwidt Transmission Max MIMO Max data
date d cy band h scheme modulation rate
1997 802.11 2.4 GHz 20 MHz DSSS, FHSS QPSK N/A 2 Mbps
1999 802.11b 2.4 GHz 20 MHz DSSS QPSK N/A 11 Mbps
1999
1999 802.11a
802.11a 5
5 GHz
GHz 20
20 MHz
MHz OFDM
OFDM 64
64 QAM
QAM N/A
N/A 54
54 Mbps
Mbps
2003 802.11g 2.4 GHz 20 MHz DSSS, OFDM 64 QAM N/A 54 Mbps
2003 802.11g 2.4 GHz 20 MHz DSSS, OFDM 64 QAM N/A 54 Mbps
2009 802.11n 2.4 GHz 20 MHz OFDM 64 QAM 600 Mbps
2009 802.11n 2.4 GHz
5 GHz 20
40 MHz
MHz OFDM 64 QAM 600 Mbps
5 GHz 40 MHz
2013 802.11ac 5 GHz 20 MHz OFDM 256 QAM 6.93 Gbps
2013 802.11ac 5 GHz 20
40 MHz
MHz OFDM 256 QAM 6.93 Gbps
40
80 MHz
MHz
160MHz
80 MHz
160 MHz
2018 802.11ad 60 GHz 2160 MHz SC-FDM, 256 QAM Beamfor 6.93 Mbps
2018 802.11ad 60 GHz 2160 MHz SC-FDM,
OFDM 256 QAM Beamfor
ming 6.93 Mbps
OFDM ming
 Connecting Devices….
Acronyms

DSSS: Direct sequence spread spectrum

FHSS: Frequency hop spread spectrum
OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
SC FDM: Single carrier frequency domain multiplexing
QPSK: Quadrature phase shift keying
QAM: Quadrature amplitude modulation
MIMO: Multiple input multiple output
Beamforming: Technique of focusing a wireless signal towards a specific
receiving device
References
[1] B. A. Forouzan, Data Communication and Networking, 5th ed., The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., USA, 2013, pp. 38-42.
[2] P. Ciccarelli and C. Faulkner, Networking Foundations, Sybex Inc., USA,
2004, pp. 160 –
165.
[3] D. Liu, Cisco CCNA/CCENT Exam 640-802, 640-822, 640-816 Preparation
Kit, Syngress
Publishing, Inc., 2009, pp. 607-609.
[4] Difference between a switch and a bridge,
https://geek-university.com/ccna/ differences-between-a-switch-and-a-bridge/,
[Accessed: April. 22, 2020].
[5] D. Barrett and T. King, Computer Networking Illuminated, Jones and Bartlett
Publishers,
Inc., USA, 2003, pp. 90-91.
[6] T. Dean, Network+ Guide to Networks, Course Technology, USA, 2013, pp.
270.
[7] W. Odom, Official Cert Guide CCNA 200-301 Volume 1, Pearson Education,
Inc.,
2020, USA, p. 37.
Recommended Books

1. Data Communications and Networking, B. A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill, Inc., Fourth

Edition, 2007, USA.
2. Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach, J. F., Kurose, K. W. Ross, Pearson
Education, Inc., Sixth Edition, USA.
3. Official Cert Guide CCNA 200-301 , vol. 1, W. Odom, Cisco Press, First Edition, 2019,
USA.
4. CCNA Routing and Switching, T. Lammle, John Wily & Sons, Second Edition, 2016,
USA.
5. TCP/IP Protocol Suite, B. A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill, Inc., Fourth Edition, 2009, USA.
6. Data and Computer Communication, W. Stallings, Pearson Education, Inc., Tenth
Education, 2013, USA.