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    Biofuel Technology: Botswana International University of Science and Technology

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    Thabiso Mokone

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    Biofuel Technology: Botswana International University of Science and Technology

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    sensamedic
    61 views17 pages
    Thabiso Mokone

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    Biodiesel

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    ENER522_Biodiesel

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    Thabiso Mokone

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    61 views17 pages

    Biofuel Technology: Botswana International University of Science and Technology

    Uploaded by

    sensamedic
    Thabiso Mokone

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 17

    BIOFUEL TECHNOLOGY

    Botswana International University of Science and Technology


    Introduction
    Also known as agro-fuel
    Fuels mainly derived from biomass or bio waste
    These fuels can be used for any purpose, but the main use could
    be in the transportation sector.
    The most important feature of biomass is that they are renewable
    sources of energy unlike other natural resources like coal,
    petroleum and even nuclear fuel.
    Introduction

    • Biomass energy can be converted into liquid biofuels


    generally in two methods:
    • Method I
    – Sugar crops or starch are grown and through the process
    of fermentation, ethanol is produced.
    • Method II
    – Plants are grown which naturally produce oil, such as
    jatropha and algae
    – These oils are heated to reduce their viscosity after
    which they are directly used as fuel for diesel engines
    – This oil can be further treated to produce biodiesel which
    can be used for various purposes
    Introduction cont.
    Biofuels are counterparts to traditional fossil fuels

    Biofuel Fossil Fuel

    Ethanol Gasoline/Ethane

    Biodiesel Diesel

    Methanol Methane

    Biobutanol Gasoline/Butane
    Biodiesel
    • Biodiesel is a cleaner burning replacement fuel made from
    renewable sources like new and used vegetable oils and
    animal fats
    • Low-level blends (≤20% biodiesel) can be used in almost any
    existing diesel engine
    • High-level blends (>20% can be used in most new diesel
    engines
    Biodiesel

    • Four main production methods


    – Direct use and blending
    – Micro emulsions
    – Thermal cracking
    – Transesterification
    Biodiesel
    Transesterification
    – Most common production method (low cost)
    – Uses vegetable oils and animal fats as feed stocks
    – The reaction of a fat or oil with an alcohol to form esters
    (biodiesel) and glycerol
    – Acid and base catalyst can be used
    – Commonly used catalyst is KOH
    Biodiesel
    This process is affected by a number of factors
    including:
    • type and amount of catalyst used
    (homogeneous or heterogeneous)
    • type of feedstock used,
    • ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil
    • reaction temperature
    Biodiesel feedstock
    • First generation feedstock
    – Soybean, sunflower
    • Second generation feedstock
    – Jatropha, waste vegetable oil (WVO)
    • Third generation feedstock
    – Algae
    Soy beans
    • Unlike corn and sugar cane, soybeans are grown throughout much of North America,
    South America, and Asia. In other words, soybeans are a global food crop. The
    United States produce roughly 32 percent of all soybeans in the world, followed by
    Brazil at 28 percent. Despite its relatively high price as a food crop, soybean is still a
    major feedstock for the production of biofuel. In this case, rather than ethanol,
    soybean is used to produce biodiesel. Soybean is probably the worst feedstock for
    biofuel production.
    • The Advantages of soybeans include:
    – Grows in many regions
    – Relatively easy to maintain
    • The disadvantages of soybeans include:
    – A yield of only about 70 gallons of biodiesel per acre, which is the worst yield of
    any crop. Palm oil produces almost 10 times as much biodiesel per acre at 600
    gallons (note palm oil is considered a second generation feedstock).
    – Soybean is a common food source and thus its use as a biofuel directly threatens
    the food chain.
    – It faces a number of disease and pest burdens
    – It is generally not a profitable biofuel feedstock.
    Jatropha & other crops
    • In the early Part of the 21st century, a plant known as Jatropha
    became exceedingly popular.
    • The plant was praised for its yield per seed, which could return
    values as high as 40 percent. When compared to the 15 percent oil
    found in soybean, Jatropha look to be a miracle crop. Adding to its
    allure was the misconception that it could be grown on marginal
    land (non-agricultural). As it turns out, oil production drops
    substantially when Jatropha is grown on marginal land. Interest in
    Jatropha has waned considerably in recent years.
    • Other, similar seed crops have met with the same fate as Jatropha.
    Examples include Cammelina, Oil Palm, and rapeseed. In all
    cases, the initial benefits of the crops were quickly realized to be
    offset by the need to use crop land to achieve suitable yields.
    3 Generation (Algae)
    rd

    • Unofficial category reserved for biofuels derived from algae


    • Previously, algae were considered second generation biofuels.
    However, when it became apparent that algae are capable of much
    higher yields with lower resource inputs than other feedstock,
    many suggested that they be moved to their own category
    • Algae-based biofuels require a unique production mechanism and
    potentially offer solutions to mitigate most of the drawbacks of 1st
    and 2nd generation biofuels
    Biodiesel Economics
    • 60-70% of the cost to process biodiesel is from
    feedstock costs
    • Adopting 2nd and 3rd generation feedstock
    would significantly reduce the production
    costs because of their low cost.
    Biodiesel Economics
    • There is also ample room for improvement in the efficiency
    6
    of processing biodiesel

    – Development of a continuous transesterification process

    – The use of solid catalysts

    – Recovery of high quality glycerol


    Biodiesel
    • Touch on the future prospects concerning
    biodiesel
    • Government’s role in the use of this biofuel
    • Technological challenges
    Group allocations
    Group 1: Biodiesel Group 2: Bioethanol
    Consult Mpho Rapoo Consult Gratitude Charis

    •Motlhabane Taboka •Mokgweetsi Boikanyo


    •Matlhare Gaamangwe •Seane Tumelo
    •Ramokatane Mogaisi •Oromeng Tlotlo kelvin
    •Magowe David •Lesolame Mogomotsi
    •Gabanamotse Bokamoso •Moumakwa Nametso
    •Lebogang Moyo •Viola Hetolang
    •Baimusi Kenaape
     
    Group allocations
    Group 3: Biogas Group 4: Algae
    Consult Bokamoso Phuthego Consult Thabang Mokoba

    •Pule Mushabi •Simon Lawrence


    •Ramoseki Prince •Phegelo Segolame
    •Nshakazhogwe Monkgogi •Chester Mthembisi
    •Lesenyamotse Gaolefufa •Kelebonye Tumisang
    •Wabobi Mopati •Molatlhiwa Refilwe
    •Ramokatane Mogaisi •Candy Tiro
    •Sithole Mike

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