Figure 13.1 (p.

634)
Photograph of various millimeter
wave antennas. Clockwise from
top: a high-gain 38 GHz reflector
antenna with radome, a prime-
focus parabolic antenna, a
corrugated conical horn
antenna, a 38 GHz planar
microstrip array, a pyramidal
horn antenna with a Gunn diode
module, and a multibeam
reflector antenna.

Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.2 (p. 635)
Basic operation of transmit and receive antennas.
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.3 (p. 637)
The E-plane radiation pattern of a small horn antenna. The pattern is normalized
to dB at the beam maximum, with 10 dB per radial division.
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.4 (p. 641)
Illustrating the concept of background temperature. (a) A resistor at temperature
T. (b) An antenna in an anechoic chamber at temperature T. (c) An antenna
viewing a uniform sky background at temperature T.
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.5 (p. 642)
Natural and manmade sources of background noise.
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.6 (p. 643)
Background noise temperature of sky versus frequency  is elevation angle
measured from horizon. Data is for sea level, with surface temperature of 15° C,
and surface water vapor density of 7.5 gm/m3.
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.7 (p. 644)
Idealized antenna pattern and background noise temperature for Example 13.3.
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.8 (p. 645)
A receiving antenna connected to a receiver through a lossy transmission line.
An impedance mismatch exists between the antenna and the line.
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.9 (p. 647)
A basic radio system.
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.10 (p. 649)
Diagram of the DBS system for Example 13.4.
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.11 (p. 651)
Block diagram of a tuned radio frequency receiver.
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.12 (p. 651)
Block diagram of a direct-conversion receiver.
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.13 (p. 652)
Block diagram of a single-conversion superheterodyne receiver.
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.14 (p. 652)
Noise analysis of a microwave receiver front end, including antenna and
transmission line contributions.
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.15 (p. 657)
Photograph of one of the three
L-band antenna arrays for a
Motorola IRIDIUM
communications satellite. The
IRIDIUM system consists of
66 satellites in low earth orbit
to provide global personal
satellite TDMA
communications services,
including voice, fax, and
paging.

Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.16 (p. 660)
Photograph of the PATRIOT phased array radar. This is a C-band multifunction
radar that provides tactical air defense, including target search and tracking, and
missile fire control. The phased array antenna uses 5000 ferrite phase shifters
to electronically scan the antenna beam. Photo provided by Raytheon Company.
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.17 (p. 661)
Basic monostatic and bistatic radar systems. (a) Monostatic radar system.
(b) Bistatic radar system.
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.18 (p. 662)
A pulse radar system and timing diagram.
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.19 (p. 664)
Doppler radar system.
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.20 (p. 664)
Monostatic radar cross section of a conducting sphere.
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.21 (p. 666)
Noise power sources in a typical radiometer application.
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.22 (p. 668)
Photograph of a multichannel microwave
radiometer used to measure the water
vapor profile of the atmosphere. This
system has one receiver that operates at
36.5 GHz to sense liquid water in the
atmosphere, and a second group of
receivers operating from 16 to 28 GHz to
sample the 22GHz water vapor
resonance. Courtesy of the Microwave Remote Sensing
Laboratory, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.

Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.23 (p. 668)
Total power radiometer block diagram.
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.24 (p. 670)
Balanced Dicke radiometer block diagram.
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.25 (p. 671)
Refraction of radio waves by the atmosphere.
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
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Figure 13.26 (p. 672)
Average atmospheric attenuation versus frequency (horizontal polarization).
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.27 (p. 672)
Direct and reflected waves over the earth’s surface.
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.28 (p. 674)
A microwave oven.
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons
Figure 13.29 (p. 676)
IEEE Standard C95.1-1991 recommended power density limits for human
exposure to RF and microwave electromagnetic fields.
Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons