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OSPF - Single Area Overview: Khawar Butt Ccie # 12353 (R/S, Security, SP, DC, Voice, Storage & Ccde)

This document provides an overview of OSPF in a single area, including its characteristics, interface types, router ID, link state advertisements (LSAs), and a lab diagram of routers connected in a single OSPF area. It describes how OSPF forms neighbor relationships, calculates metrics, elects designated routers, and uses different LSA types like router LSAs and network LSAs to share routing information within an area.

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Avishkar Gote
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101 views15 pages

OSPF - Single Area Overview: Khawar Butt Ccie # 12353 (R/S, Security, SP, DC, Voice, Storage & Ccde)

This document provides an overview of OSPF in a single area, including its characteristics, interface types, router ID, link state advertisements (LSAs), and a lab diagram of routers connected in a single OSPF area. It describes how OSPF forms neighbor relationships, calculates metrics, elects designated routers, and uses different LSA types like router LSAs and network LSAs to share routing information within an area.

Uploaded by

Avishkar Gote
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OSPF – Single Area Overview


KHAWAR BUTT
CCIE # 12353 [R/S, SECURITY, SP, DC, VOICE, STORAGE & CCDE]
Overview
 OSPF Characteristics
 OSPF – Interface Types
 OSPF – Router ID c

 OSPF LSAs
Lab Diagram
Loopback0
1.0.0.0/8

Loopback0 Loopback0
2.0.0.0/8 3.0.0.0/8
R1

E 0/0
Loopback0
c 6.0.0.0/8

R2 R3
E 0/0 E 0/0
S 1/0 192.168.100.0/24 E 0/1

R6
192.168.101.0/24 192.168.103.0/24 E 0/0

S 1/0
E 0/0
R5
S 1/1 R4
S 1/0
192.168.102.0/24

Loopback0
5.0.0.0/8 Loopback0
4.0.0.0/8
OSPF Characteristics
OSPF is a Link State Routing Table. Each router will have complete topology
information.
OSPF breaks the network down into logical groups of routers known as Areas. In this
video, we will focus on a Single Area. We will
c also discuss the concept of Multi-Area in a
later video.
Just like EIGRP, OSPF also uses a Hello protocol to discover neighbors and form
Neighbor relationships. OSPF uses 224.0.0.5 & 224.0.0.6 Multicast addresses to
communicate to its neighbors.
As each router has complete topology information, it can quickly adapt to alternate
paths. If the primary route in the routing table is lost, the router will recalculate an
alternate path (if it exists) immediately without consulting a neighbor.
OSPF supports Equal Cost Load Balancing.
OSPF Characteristics
 OSPF supports the validation of neighbors by using Authentication using Clear Text and MD5
based Keys. Authentication makes sure that the routes received by the router are from Trusted
sources / Routers.

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 OSPF also supports the Summarization of routes. It allows you the ability to send a summary
route to represent a group of routes allowing you to cut down on the size of the routing table.

 OSPF advertises the network along with it’s subnet mask making it a Classless Routing Protocol.
It supports features like VLSM.

 OSPF sends information about all the directly connected Links to its neighbor. The updates are
acknowledged. Just like EIGRP, OSPF does not send the Full routing table. The Hello Packets are
used as keepalives to maintain the neighbor relationships.
OSPF Characteristics - Timers
 Hello Timer: Once the OSPF neighbors establish a neighbor relationship
and exchange Network information, they send Hello packets to let the
neighbor know that it is still up and the routes are still valid. The default
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OSPF Hello time on a Ethernet Link is 10 seconds.
 Dead Timer: If a router does not receive a hello for 40 seconds from a
neighbor, it will consider the neighbor down and delete all the routes from it.
OSPF Characteristics – Metric
 OSPF uses a Cost Metric.
 By default, the cost is calculated based on the logical interface bandwidth.
 The metric calculation formula for OSPF is :
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Cost = [Reference Bandwidth/Interface Bandwidth(sum)]

 The default Reference Bandwidth is 108 which is 100,000,000. It is


calculated in bps. You do have the ability to change the reference
bandwidth to accommodate interface with high speed using the “Auto-
cost reference-bandwidth” command.
OSPF – Router ID
 In OSPF, each router is identified internally within OSPF using an Identification
number which looks like an IP Address. This is known as a Router-ID.
 Although it looks like an IP address, it is not an IP Address and does not need to be
advertised. You could actually assign a cRouter an ID that is an invalid IP Address
but a valid Router-ID like 0.0.0.1.
 Router ID is required for each OSPF router.
 It can be set either of the 3 ways and in that order.
1. Manually under the Router ospf process using the router-id command.
2. If the command is missing under the process, OSPF tries to pick the router-id based on
the Highest IP address on a Loopback.
3. If you don't have a loopback interface, it will use the highest IP address on any Physical
Interface.
OSPF – Ethernet Media
 OSPF runs differently on different types of Interface.
 On an Ethernet segment, it treats the interface as a Broadcast Multi-Access Segment. It has
the ability to have multiple neighbors.
 Rather than establishing a neighbor relationship with multiple neighbors, OSPF elects a Router
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on the segment as the Designated Router [DR] for the Segment and establishes a neighbor
relationship only with that Router.
 For redundancy, every segment also has a Backup Designated Router [BDR]. All routers also
establish a neighbor relationship with the BDR.
 Every Multi-Access Segment will have its own DR/BDR. The main purpose is to cut down on
the number of relationships that a router needs to maintain on a Multi-Access.
 OSPF detects a Multi-Access segment by looking at the Encapsulation of the Interface. When it
sees ARPA as the encapsulation, it knows it is Ethernet, which has a potential of being Multi
Access and hence will go into a DR/BDR process.
OSPF – Serial Media
 OSPF detects a Point-to-Point Interface by looking at the Encapsulation of
the Interface. When it sees either HDLC or PPP as the encapsulation, it
knows it is a Point-to-point segment.
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 A P2P segment will only have 1 neighbor hence does not require a DR or
BDR.
 There is no DR or BDR on a Point – To – Point Segment.
OSPF – Loopback Interface
 OSPF recognizes a Loopback interface as a Dead End Interface and hence
advertises it as a Host.

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 The Neighboring routers will receive the Network as a Host Route [/32
route].

 You can have it advertise the normal interface mask by manually changing
the network type of the interface from the default Loopback to Point-to-point.
OSPF LSAs
 OSPF uses Link State Advertisements [LSA] to build the topology of the
network.

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 LSAs are the building blocks of the OSPF Link State Database [LSDB]. The
LSDB is similar to your EIGRP topology table.

 Although there are multiple types of LSAs in OSPF, only 2 LSAs are used for
network/routes within a Single Area.

 In this video we are going to look at the first 2 LSAs


OSPF – LSA Type 1 – Router LSA
 Every Router will advertise it's directly connected links to the routers on the
local Segment.

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 Those Routers in turn will propagate the information to other routers in the
area without changing it.

 This information remains unchanged within the Area and is not propagated
out of the area.
OSPF – LSA Type 2 – Network LSA
 This LSA is advertised by the DR of a Multi-Access Segment.

 It will advertise the Multi-access segment and specify the attached Routers.
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 It is used to validate information from LSA Type 1 regarding any multi-


access segments.

 It also specifies the Subnet Mask for the Multi-Access Segment.


Whiteboard

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