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Functions: Domain Range

The document discusses functions and their inverses. It defines a function as an operation that takes an input from the domain and maps it to a unique output in the range. It also defines the domain as the set of allowable inputs and the range as the set of outputs. It then discusses properties functions must have including being well-defined and one-to-one. It explains how to find the inverse of a function by swapping the domain and range and solving for y in terms of x. Finally, it provides an example of finding the inverse of a function by its graph.

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Ahmad Ijaz
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
30 views

Functions: Domain Range

The document discusses functions and their inverses. It defines a function as an operation that takes an input from the domain and maps it to a unique output in the range. It also defines the domain as the set of allowable inputs and the range as the set of outputs. It then discusses properties functions must have including being well-defined and one-to-one. It explains how to find the inverse of a function by swapping the domain and range and solving for y in terms of x. Finally, it provides an example of finding the inverse of a function by its graph.

Uploaded by

Ahmad Ijaz
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Functions

 
 
Domain   Range
 
 
f
x y =f(x)

A function is an operation performed on an input (x) to produce


an output (y = f(x) ).
 
The Domain of f is the set of all allowable inputs (x values)
The Range of f is the set of all outputs (y values)
 
To be well defined a function must

·       Have a value for each x in the domain


·       Have only one value for each x in the domain
 
e.g y = f(x) = √(x-1), x   is not well defined as if x < 1 we
will be trying to square root a negative number.
y = f(x) = 1/(x-2), x   is not well defined as if x = 2 we
will be trying to divide by zero.

This is not a function as some x values


correspond to two y values.
Finding the Range of a function
 
Draw a graph of the function for its given Domain
The Range is the set of values on the y-axis for which a
horizontal line drawn through that point would cut the
graph.

The Function is f(x) = (x-2)2 +3 , x


y = (x-2)2 +3

The Range is
Dom
y = (x-2)2 +3
2 f(x) ≥ 3
ain
Range
3

Link to Inverse Functions


Domain
The Function is f(x) = 3 – 2x , x

The Range is f(x) < 3


Composite Functions

Finding gf(x)

f g Note: gf(x)
  f(x) does not mean
 x g(f(x)) g(x) times f(x).
  = gf(x)
 
 
 
Note : When finding f(g(x))
gf(x) means “g of f of x” i.e g(f(x)) . Replace all the x’s in the rule for
First we apply the f function. the f funcion with the expression
Then the output of the f function becomes the input for the g function. for g(x) in a bracket.
Notice that gf means f first and then g. e.g If f(x) = x2 –2x
then f(x-2) = (x-2)2 – 2(x-2)

Example if f(x) = x + 3, x and g(x) = x2 , x then


gf(x) = g(f(x)) = g(x + 3) = (x+3)2 , x
fg(x) = f(g(x)) = f(x2) = x2 +3, x
g2(x) means g(g(x)) = g(x2) = (x2)2 = x4 , x
f2(x) means f(f(x)) = f(x+3) = (x+3) + 3 = x + 6 , x
Notice that fg and gf are not the same.
 
The Domain of gf is the same as the Domain of f since f is the
first function to be applied.
The Domain of fg is the same as the Domain of g.
 
For gf to be properly defined the Range (output set) of f must fit
inside the Domain (input set) of g.
For example if g(x) = √x , x ≥ 0 and f(x) = x – 2, x
Then gf would not be well defined as the output of f could be a
negative number and this is not allowed as an input for g.
However fg is well defined, fg(x) = √x – 2, x ≥ 0.
Inverse Functions.

 The inverse of a function f is denoted by f- Note: f-1(x) does


1
. not mean 1/f(x).
 The inverse reverses the original function.

So if f(a) = b then f-1(b) = a 

  f

Domain
Range = Domain
of f a b
of f of f-1
f-1
= Range
of f-1
One to one Functions
 
If a function is to have an inverse which is also a function then it must be one to one.
This means that a horizontal line will never cut the graph more than once.
i.e we cannot have f(a) = f(b) if a ≠ b,
Two different inputs (x values) are not allowed to give the same output (y value).
For instance f(-2) = f(2) = 4

y = f(x) = x2 with domain x is not one to


one.
So the inverse of 4 would have two
possibilities : -2 or 2.
This means that the inverse is not a function.
We say that the inverse function of f does not
exist.
If the Domain is restricted to x ≥ 0
Then the function would be one to one and its
inverse would be
f-1(x) = √x , x ≥ 0
Finding the Rule and Domain of an inverse function

Rule Domain

Swap over x and y The domain of the inverse = the


Make y the subject Range of the original.
So draw a graph of y = f(x) and
  use it to find the Range
 
 
 
 
  Drawing the graph of the Inverse
   
The graph of y = f-1(x) is the reflection in y = x of the graph of y = f(x).
Example:
Find the inverse of the function y = f(x) = (x-2)2 + 3 , x ≥ 2
Sketch the graphs of y = f(x) and y = f-1(x) on the same axes showing the relationship between
them.
 
Domain
This is the function we considered earlier except that its domain has been restricted to x ≥ 2 in
order to make it one-to-one.
We know that the Range of f is y ≥ 3 and so the domain of f -1 will be x ≥ 3.
Rule Graphs
Swap x and y to get x = (y-2)2 + 3 Reflect in y = x to get the graph of the inverse function .
Now make y the subject Note: we could also have
-√(x –3) = y-2
x – 3 = (y-2)2 and y = 2 - √(x –3)
√(x –3) = y-2 But this would not fit our
function as y must be
y = 2 + √(x –3) greater than 2 (see graph)
 
Note: Remember with inverse
So Final Answer is: functions everything swaps over.
f-1(x) = 2 + √(x –3) , x ≥ 3 Input and output (x and y) swap
over
Domain and Range swap over
Reflecting in y = x swaps over the
coordinates of a point so (a,b) on
one graph becomes (b,a) on the
other.

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