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Stress in Machine Elements

- Stresses develop in machine elements due to applied loads and are considered in design to ensure the elements can withstand the stresses without yielding. - Different machine elements experience different types of stresses, such as bending stresses in lever arms, shear and bearing stresses in hinge pins, and shear stresses in springs. - Proper design of cross-sections and materials is needed based on the stresses induced in each element.

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thirumalaikumaran
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114 views18 pages

Stress in Machine Elements

- Stresses develop in machine elements due to applied loads and are considered in design to ensure the elements can withstand the stresses without yielding. - Different machine elements experience different types of stresses, such as bending stresses in lever arms, shear and bearing stresses in hinge pins, and shear stresses in springs. - Proper design of cross-sections and materials is needed based on the stresses induced in each element.

Uploaded by

thirumalaikumaran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Stresses in machine elements

- Stresses are developed in machine elements due to applied load


- machine design ensures the elements can sustain the induced stresses without yielding.

- design of the spring ,ensure the force P at the


lever
end B.
- The stresses developed in sections AB and AC
decide the optimum cross-section of the lever
for thedesign
-hinge material
depends on the stresses developed
due to the reaction forces at A.

Types of stresses are developed in different


elements:
Simple lever subjected to forces at ends • Lever arms AB and AC - Bending stresses
• Hinge pin - Shear and bearing stresses.
• Spring - Shear stress.
- state of stress at a point ,stress distribution,
simple
loads & stresses
 

Stress distribution uniform/linear

2
loss of stability

Buckling

elastic/ plastic

3
Tensile test
Load  deformation
stress – strain diagrams

ductile – carbon steel rigid – cast iron

4
simplifyed material models

elasto-plastic rigid

5
test YS ReH

UTS Rm
UTS

YS
real
eng.

  6
strain hardening

7
elastic properties

elastic (Young) modulus: E [MPa]


(Hooke’s law s = Ee)
shear modulus: G [MPa] (t = Gg)

8
main static properties
elastic limit Rp0.2
yield strength ReH
ultimate tensile strength Rm
maximal strain A
hardness HHB…
Charpy (V-notch) test Kcu

9
Influencing factor – (not only) static load

Stress concentration

shape factor
αk > 1

10
sudden area changes

11
Periodic stresses
fatique

propagating crack – final static break


12
90-95% of all failures!
Wöhler- curve

Rm

 fatique limit
 N > 106

load cycles

many factors - stohastic phenomenon


13
types of varying load
Fatique limits σv σr

 min
r cycle assymetry ratio
 max
m
v cycle mean stress ratio
 max 14
Influencing factors – fatique strength

size

surface roughness

15
notch sensitivity ηk (0.5-1.0 )

16
Stress concentration factor βk
k  1
k    σaver.
k  1

stress conc.
sensitivity
shape

17
Safety factor (SF; n)
• importance of
• load, material…
element
• manufacture
• material testing
• calculations

n>1 (1.15 ~ 8-10!)

18

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