Magnetism

Alternating-Current Circuits
 Alternating Current Generators
A coil of area A and N turns rotating with constant angular velocity in a uniform
magnetic field produces a sinusoidal emf

Alternating current motor

Instead of mechanically rotating, we can apply an ac potential difference
generated by other ac generator to the coil. This produces an ac current in the
coil, and the magnetic field exerts forces on the wires producing a torque that
rotates the coil.
The magnetic field.
Magnetic forces on moving charges.
Magnetic forces on a current element
Torques on current loops and magnets
The Magnetic Field
Magnets

The Earth is a natural magnet with

magnetic poles near the north and
south geographic poles.
 The Magnetic Field

Magnets Does an isolated magnetic

pole exist?
The SI units of magnetic
field is the tesla [T]
Earth magnetic field is
about 10-4 T
Powerful laboratories
produce fields of 1 -2 T as a
maximum
1 Gauss [G] = 10-4 Tesla [T]
The Magnetic Field
 The Magnetic Field. Magnetic force on a moving charge

A proton is moving in a region of crossed fields E =

2x105 N/C and B = 3000 G, as shown in the figure.
(a) What is the speed of the proton if it is not
deflected. (b) If the electric field is disconnected,
draw the path of the proton
 The Magnetic Field. Magnetic force on a current element

In the case of a straight segment

of length L
 The Magnetic Field. Torques on Current loops and
Magnets
B
A current-carrying loop
experiences no net force in a
uniform magnetic field, but it does
experience a torque that tends to
twist the loop

A circular loop of radius 2 cm has 10 turns of wire and carries a current of 3 A. The
axis of the loop makes an angle of 30º with a magnetic field of 8000 G. Find the
magnitude of the torque on the loop.
Sources of Magnetic Field
The Magnetic Field of Moving Charges
The Magnetic Field of Currents. The Biot-
Savart Law
The Magnetic Field Due to a Current loop
 Sources of Magnetic Field

Moving Point Charges are the source of Magnetic Field

Sources of Magnetic Field

A solenoid
A solenoid is a wire tightly
wounded into a helix of
closely space turns . A
solenoid is used to produce a
strong, uniform magnetic
field in the region surrounded
by the loops

In this figure, the length is ten

times longer than the radius
For a long
solenoid Find the magnetic field at the center of a
n = N/L; N number of turns; solenoid of 600 turns, length 20 cm;
L : length of solenoid radius 1.4 cm that carries a current of 4 A
 Sources of Magnetic Field: Solenoid and magnets

Left: Magnetic field lines of a solenoid; right Magnetic field lines of a bar magnet
Magnetic Induction
Magnetic Flux
Induced EMF and Faraday´s Law
Lenz´s Law
 MAGNETIC INDUCTION
In 1830, Michel Faraday in England and Joseph Henry in the USA
independently discovered that in a changing magnetic field, a changing
magnetic flux through a surface bounded by a stationary loop of wire induces
a current in the wire: emf induced and induced current. This process is
known as induction.
In a static magnetic field, a changing magnetic flux through a surface bounded
by a moving loop of wire induces an emf in the wire: motional emf

Magnetic flux through a surface bounded by a loop of wire.

The SI unit for magnetic flux is

weber [Wb] 1Wb= 1 T∙m2 Find the magnetic flux through a 40 cm long
solenoid with a 2.5 cm radius and 600 turns
carrying a current of 7.5 A.
MAGNETIC INDUCTION

The induced emf is in such direction as to

oppose, or tend to oppose, the change that
produces it. Lenz´s Law
MAGNETIC INDUCTION

The coil with many turns of wire gives

a large flux for a given current in the
circuit. Thus, when the current
changes, there is a large emf induced
in the coil opposing the change. This
self-induced emf is called a back emf
 Eddy Currents

Heat produced by eddy currents constitute a power loss in a

transformer. But eddy currents have some practical applications:
damping mechanical oscillations, magnetic braking system
 Inductance
Self-inductance The SI unit of
inductance is
the henry [H]

1 H = 1 Wb/A= 1 T.m2.A-1

Find the self-inductance of a solenoid of length 10 cm,

area 5 cm2, and 100 turns
Magnetic Energy
 Alternating Current Generators
A coil of area A and N turns rotating with constant angular velocity in a uniform
magnetic field produces a sinusoidal emf

Alternating current motor

Instead of mechanically rotating, we can apply an ac potential difference
generated by other ac generator to the coil. This produces an ac current in the
coil, and the magnetic field exerts forces on the wires producing a torque that
rotaes the coil.
 Alternating Current Generators
A coil of area A and N turns rotating with constant angular velocity in a uniform
magnetic field produces a sinusoidal emf

m  NBA cos and    t  

m  NBA cos( t   )
dm
   NBA sin( t   )
dt
   peak sin( t   )
frequency f ;   2 f
 Alternating Current Circuits:
Alternating current in a Resistor
Inductors in Alternating Currents
Capacitors in Alternating Currents
 Alternating currents in a Resistor

Potential drop across the resistor, VR VR     max cos  t  VR , peak cos  t

Current in the resistor I VR , peak VR , peak
Power dissipated in the resistor, P I cos  t  I peak 
Average power dissipated in the R R
resistor Paverage

P  I 2 R  I peak
2
cos 2 (t ) R
Pav  ( I 2 ) av R  ( I peak
2
cos 2 ( t )) av R
Root-Mean-Square Values
 Inductors in Alternating Current Circuits

The potential drop across the inductor

led the current 90º (out of phase)

dI
VL  L     max cos  t  VL , peak cos  t
dt
dI VL , peak VL , peak VL , peak 
 cos  t  I  sin  t  cos( t  )
dt L L L 2
INDUCTIVE I peak  VL , peak ; I rms 
VL , rms
REACTANCE L L
Instantaneous power delivered by the emf to the inductor is not zero
The average power delivered by the emf to the inductor is zero.
 Inductors in Alternating Current Circuits

The potential drop across a 40-mH

inductor is sinusoidal with a peak
potential drop of 120 V. Find the
inductive reactance and the peak current
when the frequency is (a) 60 Hz, and
(b) 2000 Hz

VL , peak VL ,rms
I peak  ; I rms 
L L

INDUCTIVE
REACTANCE
Instantaneous power delivered by the emf to the inductor is not zero
The average power delivered by the emf to the inductor is zero.
 Capacitors in Alternating Current Circuits
The
potential
drop lags
the
current
by 90º

Q
VC      max cos  t  VC , peak cos  t 
C
Q  CVC , peak cos  t
dQ VC , peak 
I   CVC , peak sin  t  I  cos( t  )
dt  1  2
 C 
 
VC , peak VC , rms
CAPACITIVE I peak  ; I rms 
 1   1 
REACTANCE   C    C 
   
Power delivered by the emf in the capacitor: Instantaneous and average
Driven RLC Circuits
The Kirchhoff´s rules govern
Series RLC circuit the behavior of potential
drops and current across the
circuit.
(a)When any closed-loop is
traversed, the algebraic sum
of the changes of potential
must equal zero (loops rule)
(b)At any junction (branch
point) in a circuit where the
current can be divided, the
sum of the currents into the
junction must equal the sum
of the currents out of the
junction (junction rule)
Series RLC circuits

dI Q dQ
Vapp, peak cos  t  L  IR  ; I 
dt C dt
d 2Q dQ Q
L  R   Vapp , peak cos  t
dt dt C
I  I peak cos(t   )
 Power delivered to the series RLC circuit

P   I   peak cos  t I peak cos( t  )
2
1 Power factor:
P av   peak I peak cos    rms I rms cos 
2 cosδ
P  RI 2 dissipated in the resistor
R
Pav  RI rms
2
 Vapp
2
, rms
Z2
as R / Z  cos  and I peak  Vapp , peak / Z
1
P Vapp , peak I peak cos   Vapp ,rms I rms cos 
2
Series RLC circuits
A series RLC circuit with L = 2 H, C =2 μF
and R=20Ω is driven by an ideal generator
with a peak emf of 100 V and a frequency of
60 Hz, find (a) the current peak (b) the phase
(c) the power factor, (d) the average power
delivered; (e) the peak potential drop across
each element
 Phasors
Potential drop across a resistor can be
represented by a vector VR, which is called a
phasor. Then, the potential drop across the
resistor IR, is the x component of vector VR,

dI Q
Potential drop across a Vapp cos  t  L  IR 
dt C
series RLC circuit
 In the circuit shown in the figure, the
ac generator produces an rms voltage
of 115 V when operated at 60 Hz. (a)
What is the rms current in the circuit
(b) What is the power delivered by
the ac generator (c) What is the rms
voltage across: points AB; points
BC; points CD; points AC; points
BD?.

A certain electrical device draws 10 A rms and has an average power of 720 W
when connected to a 120-V rms 60-Hz power line. (a ) What is the impedance
of the device? (b) What series combination of resistance and reactance is this
device equivalent to? (c) If the current leads the emf, is the reactance inductive
or capacitive?
The Transformer A transformer is a device to raise or lower
the voltage in a circuit without an
appreciable loss of power. Power losses
arise from Joule heating in the small
resistances in both coils, or in currents
loops (eddy currents) within the iron core.
An ideal transformer is that in which these
losses do not occur, 100% efficiency.
Actual transformers reach 90-95%
efficiency
Because of the iron core, there is a large Secondary coil open circuit
magnetic flux through each coil, even when The potential drop across the
the magnetizing current Im in the primary primary coildisturn
circuit is very small . V1  N1 dt
The primary circuit consists of an ac
generator and a pure inductance (we consider If there is no flux leakage out of the iron
a negligible resistance for the coil). Then the core, the flux through each turn is the
average power dissipated in the primary coil same for both coils, and then
is zero. Why?: The magnetizing current in
dturn N2
the primary coil and the voltage drop across V2  N 2 dt  V2  V1
the primary coil are out of phase by 90º N1
The Transformer A resistance R, load resistance, in the
secondary circuit
A current I2 will be in the secondary coil, which is
in phase with the potential drop V2 across the
resistance. This current sets up and additional flux
Φ´turn through each turn, which is proportional to
N2I2. This flux opposes the original flux sets up
by the original magnetizing current Im in the
primary.
However, the potential drop in the primary is determined by the generator emf
According to this, the total flux in the iron core must be the same as
when there is no load in the secondary. The primary coil thus draws an additional current
I1 to maintain the original flux Φturn. The flux through each turn produced by this
additional current is proportional to N1I1. Since this flux equals – Φ´turn, the additional
current I1 in the primary is related to the current I2 in the secondary by

N1 I 1  N 2 I 2
These curents are 180 º out of phase and produce counteracting fluxes. Since I 2 is in
phase with V2, the additional current I1 is in phase with the potential drop across the
primary. Then, if there are no losses
V1,rms I1,rms  V2,rms I 2,rms