Test Procedure of A Mini-Hydroelectric Powerplant

CONTENTS
TEST PROCEDURE OF A 1.
2.
Introduction
Safety
1.
2.
Operations
Maximum Outpu
MINI-HYDROELECTRIC 3.
Precautions
History
of Different
Hydroelectric
POWERPLANT 4. Advantages &

Disadvantages 3.
Powerplant
Efficiency
5. Components of a 4. Test Procedure
HYDROELECTRIC  What is Hydroelectric Power?
POWER  How does it create electricity?

WHAT IS
HYDROELECTRIC
POWER?
— the conversion of energy from
flowing water into electricity
— form of renewable energy that

uses the water stored in dams, as
well as flowing in rivers to
create electricity in hydropower
plants
HOW DOES HYDROELECTRIC
POWER PRODUCE
ELECTRICITY?
— Hydroelectric powerplants capture
the energy of falling or flowing
water to generate electricity. A
turbine converts the kinetic energy
of falling water into mechanical
energy. Then a generator converts
the mechanical energy from the
turbine into electrical energy.
WAYS TO MAKE A
HYDROPOWER STATION A
SAFER WORKPLACE
WAYS TO MAKE A HYDROPOWER STATION A SAF
WORKPLACE…
1. Designing safety into

hydropower stations
2. Planning ahead to
control risks
3. Safety upgrades for
older hydropower
stations
WAYS TO MAKE A HYDROPOWER STATION A SAF
WORKPLACE…
4. Station evacuation
5. Flood Protection
6. Fire and Smoke Control
7. Emergency and Crisis
Management
HISTORY OF  History
HYDROELECTRIC  Small Hydroelectric

Powerplants in the
POWERPLANT Philippines
HISTORY OF
HYDROELECTRI
C POWERPLANTS
HISTORY.....
• 2000 years ago – water wheels
were being used by the ancient
Greeks to grind grain
•1831 - the first electric generator

was invented by Michael Faraday.
HISTORY.....
•1882 - the first hydroelectric
power plant, the Fox River
Dam located in Appleton,
Wisconsin, began to generate
electricity already with a power
output of about 12.5 kW.
HISTORY.....
• 19th century - power plants got an increased
amount of commercial attention and were
built rapidly in suitable areas all over the
world.
• 1936 - the largest hydroelectric power plant,
the Hoover Dam, was opened and generated
1345 MW (installed capacity later increased
2080MW) from the flowing water in the
Colorado River.
• During the first half of the 1900’s
hydropower became the world’s most
important source of electricity.
HISTORY.....
•2008 - Three Gorges Dam in
China was built. This is the
largest power plant at current
date, generating 22,500 MW,
adding to China’s installed
hydroelectric capacity of 196.79
GW (2009).
HISTORY.....
• Hydropower is considered as mature
technology that contributes about
16% of global electricity generation
today and will contribute even more
in the future.
•There’s almost 30 major
hydroelectricity projects with atleast
2,000 MW capacity under
development, most of which are
located in China.
SMALL
HYDROELECTRIC
POWERPLANTS IN
THE PHILIPPINES
SMALL HYDROELECTRIC POWERPLANTS IN
THE PHILIPPINES…
Station Capacity Operator Commisioned Location
Ampohaw Hydro 8.00MW 1991,1997 Sablan, Benguet
Baligatan Hydro 6.00MW National Irrigation 1987 Ramon,Isabela,
Administration,
Bineng Hydro 3.20MW 1991,1994 La Trinidad, Benguet
Ferdinand L Singit 5.90MW 1993 Bakun, Benguet
Hydro
Irisan Hydro 3.80MW 2011 Tuba, Benguet
Linao Cawayan 3.00MW 2014 Oriental Mindoro
Mini-Hydro Power
Plant
Lon-oy Hydro 3.60MW 1993 Lon-oy, San Gabriel, La Union

Lower Labay Hydro 2.40MW 1993 Bakun, Benguet

Sal-Angan Hydro 2.40MW 1991 Itogon, Benguet

Talomo Hydro 1.00MW 1992 Brgy. Malagos, Davao City

Agusan 2 Hydro 1.60MW First Gen Corporation 1957 Bukidnon
ADVANTAGES
AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
• Renewable Energy • Low Operating Cost
• Clean and Safe Energy • Small Size Possible
• Reliabe source of energy
• Provides Additional Benefits
• Flexible Energy
DISADVANTAGES
• Environmental Damage • Decreasing Effectiveness
• Expensive Construction • May Cause Natural Disasters
• Dependent
COMPONENTS OF A  Components
MICRO-HYDRO  Descriptions of the

Components
POWER SCHEME  Functions of each Components

COMPONENTS OF A MICRO-HYDRO
POWER SCHEME
DESCRIPTIO
NS
OF THE
COMPONENT
S
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE
COMPONENTS…
INTAKE STRUCTURE
The intake should be well
located to prevent debris
and high flows from being
funneled into the intake.
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE
COMPONENTS…
TRASH RACK
To filter debris and
prevent it from being drawn
into the turbine at the
penstock pipe intake
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE
COMPONENTS…
POWER CONDUIT
This is an excavated canals
built of concrete, stone or
would metal sheet. Most power
conduits have enough slopes
for water to flow. It connects
the intake and forebay.
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE
COMPONENTS…
Forebay
A basin located fast before the
entrance to the penstock. It could be
simple excavated area or pond or made
of reinforced concrete.
Spillway
This is meant to get rid of excess
water in the forebay. The spillway water
must be safely directed to prevent
excessive erosion of the forebay.
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE
COMPONENTS …
PENSTOCK
Is an enclosed pipe that
delivers water to the power
house. It also controls the
water flow.
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE
COMPONENTS …
BUTTERFLY VALVE
Is a valve which can be used
for isolating or regulating flow.
Butterfly valves are generally
favored because they are lower in
cost than to other valve designs
as well as being lighter in weight;
meaning, less support is required.
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE
COMPONENTS …
POWER HOUSE
This serves as an Engine room. It
protects the turbine, generator and other
electrical/machinery equipment. It could
also have a workshop/office/sanitary and
other facilitates.
WATER TURBINE & GENERATOR
Is a rotary machine that converts
kinetic energy and potential energy of
Turbine/Generator Assembly
water into mechanical work.
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE
COMPONENTS …
STATOR
The stator is in the stationary electrical
component.
ROTOR
The rotor is the rotating electrical
component.
WICKET GAGE
Is a component of water turbines to
control the flow of water that enters the
turbine.
FUNCTIONS
OF THE
COMPONEN
TS
FUNCTIONS OF THE COMPONENTS…
FOREBAY
a basin area of
hydropower plant where
water is temporarily stored
before going into intake
chamber.
INTAKE STRUCTURE
a structure which collects
the water from the forebay
and directs it into the
penstocks.
PENSTOCK
are like large pipes
laid with some slope
which carries water
from intake structure or
reservoir to the turbines.
SURGE CHAMBER
or surge tank is a
cylindrical tank which is
open at the top to control
the pressure in penstock.
HYDRAULIC TURBINES
a device which can convert
the hydraulic energy into the
mechanical energy which
again converted into the
electrical energy by coupling
the shaft of turbine to the
generator.
GENERATOR
converts the mechanical
energy from the turbine into
electrical energy.
POWERHOUSE
is a building provided
to protect the hydraulic
and electrical
equipment.
DRAFT TUBE
If reaction turbines are
used, then draft tube is a
necessary component which
connects turbine outlet to
the tailrace.
TAILRACE
is the flow of water from
turbines to the stream.
OPERATIONS OF
HYDROELECTRIC  Procedures
 Working Principle
POWERPLANT
PROCEDURES OF HOW
HYDROELECTRIC POWER
PLANTS WORKS
INTAKE OUTFLOW
TURBINE ROTATION DISTRIBUTION
CURRENT CONVERSION
PRODUCTION
 Micro Hydroelectric
MAXIMUM POWER OUTPUT OF Powerplants
DIFFERENT HYDROELECTRIC  Mini Hydroelectric
Powerplants
POWERPLANTS  Small Hydroelectric
Powerplants
MICRO
HYDROELEC
TRIC
POWERPLAN
T
MICRO HYDROELECTRIC
POWERPLANTS
• a power output less than 100 kW
(or less than 100 kW)
• one of an alternative source of
energy generation
• smallest type of hydro-electric
energy systems
• generate between (5) and (100)
Kilowatt of power when they are
installed across rivers and streams
MICRO HYDROELECTRIC
POWERPLANTS
• Low cost, small sized and can be
installed to serve a small
community making its
implementation more
appropriate in the socio-political
context.
• Many of these systems are " run-

of-river" which does not require
an impoundment
MINI
HYDROELEC
TRIC
POWERPLAN
T
MINI HYDROELECTRIC
POWERPLANTS
• capacity between 100 kW
and 500 kW
SMALL
HYDROELEC
TRIC
POWERPLAN
T
SMALL HYDROELECTRIC
POWERPLANTS
• General term for installations smaller
than 1000 kW (or <10,000
kW). Also used for installations in the
range between 500 and 1000 kW.
• Combines the advantages of

hydropower with those of
decentralized power generation,
without the disadvantages of large
scale installations.
SMALL HYDROELECTRIC
POWERPLANTS
• Can be locally implemented
and managed.
• Power generated with small

hydro station can be used for
agro-processing, local
lighting, waterpumps and
small businesses.
EFFICIENCY OF
HYDRO
 Efficiency
 Hydro Powerplants vs. Other
Powerplants
POWERPLANTS
EFFICIENCY HYDRO
POWERPLANTS
• Hydroelectric Powerplants with
large dams - high annual efficiency
rating that can be as high as 90%;
regardless of the seasonal changes,
the annual efficiency of around 85%
to 90% can be attained
• Small Hydroelectric Powerplants

- efficiency can be as low as 50%
HYDRO
POWERPLANTS
VS.
OTHER
POWERPLANTS
HYDRO POWERPLANTS VS.
OTHER POWERPLANTS…
HYDRO VS. SOLAR

— ultimate alternative source of
energy
— efficiency of solar power is
around 40%
HYDRO VS. WIND

— wind power has a very
low efficiency, around 20%
to 34%
HYDRO POWERPLANTS VS. OTHE
POWERPLANTS…
HYDRO VS. FOSSIL

FUEL
— fossil fuel plants generally
have a maximum efficiency
of 60%
HYDRO VS.
GEOTHERMAL
— geothermal powerplants
only have16% efficiency
TEST PROCEDURE  Importance of test
 Test procedure

Test Procedure of A Mini-Hydroelectric Powerplant

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CONTENTS

POWERPLANT 4. Advantages &

POWER  How does it create electricity?

— form of renewable energy that

1. Designing safety into

HYDROELECTRIC  Small Hydroelectric

•1831 - the first electric generator

MICRO-HYDRO  Descriptions of the

POWER SCHEME  Functions of each Components

TURBINE ROTATION DISTRIBUTION

• Many of these systems are " run-

• Combines the advantages of

• Power generated with small

• Small Hydroelectric Powerplants

HYDRO VS. SOLAR

HYDRO VS. WIND

HYDRO VS. FOSSIL

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