Input and output, variables, data

type, operators, and expressions

 Data Types in Python
• Integers: Integers are 32 bits long, and their
range is from –232 to 232 – 1 (i.e., from –
2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647).
• Long Integers: It has unlimited precision,
subject to the memory limitations of the
computer.
• Floating Point Numbers: Floating-point
numbers are also known as double-precision
numbers and use 64 bits.
• Boolean: It can hold only one of two possible values: True or False.
– For eg: var = False
• Complex Number: A complex number has a real and an imaginary
component, both represented by float types in Python.
– An imaginary number is a multiple of the square root of minus one, and
is denoted by j.
– For instance, 2+3j is a complex number, where 3 is the imaginary
component and is equal to 3 × √−1.
– For eg: var = 2 + 3j
• Strings: Sequences of Unicode characters.
– For eg: var = 'Hello World'
• Lists: Ordered sequences of values.
– For eg: var = [1, 'b', 3.0]
• Tuples: Ordered, immutable sequences of
values.
– For eg: var = (1, 'b', 3.0)
• Sets: Unordered collections of values.
– For eg: var = {1, 'b', 3.0}
• Dictionaries: Unordered collections of key-
value pairs.
– For eg: var = {1:'a','b':2.0}
 *Note
• A number does not include any punctuation and
cannot begin with a leading zero (0).
• Leading zeros are used for base 2, base 8, and base
16 numbers. For example, a number with a leading
0b or 0B is binary, base 2,and uses digits 0 and 1.
• Similarly, a number with a leading 0o is octal, base 8,
and uses the digits 0 to 7, and a number with a
leading 0x or 0X is hexadecimal, base 16, and uses
the digits 0 through 9, plus a, A, b, B, c, C, d, D, e, E, f,
and F.
 Basic Elements in a Program
• Every program consists of certain basic
elements, a collection of literals, variables,
and keywords.
 Literals
• A literal is a number or string that appears directly in a program.
The following are all literals in Python:
10 # Integer literal
10.50 # Floating-point literal
10.50j # Imaginary literal
'Hello' # String literal
"World!" # String literal
'''Hello World!
It might rain today # Triple-quoted string literal
Tomorrow is Sunday'''

• Quoting strings in Python

– Both single and double quotes can be used to represent strings.
– Strings that run over multiple lines are represented by triple quotes.
 Variables
• To set a variable, you choose a name for your variable, and
then use the equals sign followed by the data that it stores.
Variables can be letters, numbers, or words.
• For example,
l = 10
length = 10
length_rectangle = 10.0
k="Hello World!"

• In the above examples, the variables l and length are

integer variables, length_rectangle is a floating-
point variable, and k is a string variable.
• Examples of boolean, list, and tuple variables:
a=True # Boolean variable
b=[2,9,4] # List variable
c=('apple', 'mango', 'banana') # tuple variable
A tuple in python language refers to an ordered,
immutable (non changeable) set of values of any data
type.
 Keywords
• Python has 30 keywords, which are identifiers
that Python reserves for special use.
• Keywords contain lowercase letters only.
• You cannot use keywords as regular
identifiers.
• Following are the keywords of Python:
and assert break class continue def del elif else
except exec finally for from global if import in is
lambd
 Comments
• A comment begins by a hash sign (#). All
characters after the # and up to the physical
line end are part of the comment.
• For example,

# This program computes area of rectangle

a=b+c # values of b and c are added and stored in a
 Continuation Lines
• A physical line is a line that you see in a
program.
• A logical line is a single statement in Python
terms.
• If a statement is too long to fit on a single line,
you can join two adjacent physical lines into a
logical line by ensuring that the first physical
line has no comment and ends with a backslash
(\).
• Python also joins adjacent lines into one
logical line if an open parenthesis ( ( ), bracket
( [ ), or brace ( { ) is not closed.
• The lines after the first one in a logical line are
known as continuation lines.
 Printing
• For printing messages and results of
computations, the print() function is used with
the following syntax,
print(["message"][variable list])

• Examples

print ("Hello World!")

print (10)
print (l)
print ("Length is ",l)
• The print() function also prints the new-line
character, as a result, the message/value appears on
the next line.
• To suppress printing of the newline character, end
the print line with end=‘ ’ followed by a comma (,)
print("Hello World!", end=" ')
print('It might rain today')

• The strings displayed via the next two print()

functions will appear on the same line with a space
in between
• You can also concatenate strings on output by
using either a plus sign (+) or comma (,)
betweens strings.
print('Hello World!', 'It might rain today')
print('Hello World!'+'It might rain today')

• In order to get a space in between the strings, you

have to concatenate a white space between the
strings:
print('Hello World!'+ ' '+ 'It might rain today')
• You can also use a comma for displaying
values in the variables along with the strings:
print ("Length is ", l, " and Breadth is ", b)

• The preceding statement will display the

following output:
Length is 8 and Breadth is 5
• You can also use format codes (%) for
substituting values in the variables at the desired
place in the message:
print ("Length is %d and Breadth is %d" %(l,b)

where %d is a format code that indicates an

integer has to be substituted at its place.
• If the data type of the values in the variables
doesn’t match with the format codes, auto
conversion takes place.
Frequently Used Format Codes
Format Code Usage
%s Displays in string format
%d Displays in decimal format
%e Displays in exponential format
%f Displays in floating-point format
%o Displays in octal (base 8) format
%x Displays in hexadecimal format
%c Displays ASCII code
 Example
print (10)
print('Hello World! \
It might rain today. \
Tomorrow is Sunday.')
print('''Hello World!
It might rain today.
Tomorrow is Sunday.''')

• Output
10
Hello World! It might rain
today. Tomorrow is Sunday.
Hello World!
It might rain today.
Tomorrow is Sunday.
 Getting Input
• For getting input from user, input()
function is used.
– A string
s = input('Enter a string :')

– An integer
i = int(input('Enter an integer :'))

– A floatf = float(input('Enter a float :'))