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Chapter 2

Diodes have several applications including power supplies, rectifiers, limiters, and clampers. Rectifiers are used to convert alternating current to direct current in power supplies. There are two main types - half-wave rectifiers which only use one half of the AC waveform and full-wave rectifiers which use the entire waveform. Filters are used after rectification to reduce ripple voltage and produce smoother DC output. Diodes can also be used as limiters to clip portions of a signal above or below certain thresholds or as clampers to add a DC offset level. Proper selection of diode voltage and current ratings is important for safety and performance in these applications.

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Nicholas Jyrwa
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67 views31 pages

Chapter 2

Diodes have several applications including power supplies, rectifiers, limiters, and clampers. Rectifiers are used to convert alternating current to direct current in power supplies. There are two main types - half-wave rectifiers which only use one half of the AC waveform and full-wave rectifiers which use the entire waveform. Filters are used after rectification to reduce ripple voltage and produce smoother DC output. Diodes can also be used as limiters to clip portions of a signal above or below certain thresholds or as clampers to add a DC offset level. Proper selection of diode voltage and current ratings is important for safety and performance in these applications.

Uploaded by

Nicholas Jyrwa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Diode Applications

Chapter 2
Overview

 Power Supply
 Half-wave rectifiers
 Full-wave rectifiers
 Line regulation
 Limiter
 Clamper
DC Power Supply

 Basic components
– Transformer (not
shown)
– Rectifier
– Filter
– Regulator Or Full-wave rectifier
Sine Wave

 The sine wave is a common type


of alternating current (ac) and
alternating voltage.
 The time required for a sine
wave to complete one full cycle
is called the period (T).
 Frequency ( f ) is the number of
cycles that a sine wave
completes in one second.
– The more cycles completed in
one second. The higher the
frequency.
– Frequency is measured in
hertz (Hz)
 Relationship between frequency
( f ) and period (T) is:
f = 1/T
Peak-to-Peak / Average / RMS

 The peak-to-peak value of a  The rms (root mean square)


sine wave is the voltage or value of a sinusoidal voltage
current from the positive peak is equal to the dc voltage
to the negative peak. that produces the same
amount of heat in a
 The peak-to-peak values are
resistance as does the
represented as:
sinusoidal voltage.
Vpp and Ipp
Vrms = 0.707Vp
Where: Vpp = 2Vp and Ipp = 2Ip
Irms = 0.707Ip
Half-wave Rectifiers

Forward biased
Half-wave Rectifiers

Reverse biased

Output result
Half-wave Rectifier

 Note that the frequency stays the same


 Strength of the signal is reduced
 Vavg = Vp(out)/= 0.318 x Vp(out) [31.8 % of Vp]
 Vp(out) = Vp(in) – VBar
 For Silicon VBar = 0.7 V

Vp(in) Vp(out)
Half-wave
Rectifier
Vavg

2
Half-wave Rectifier - Example
 Draw the output signal
– Vp(out) = Vp(in) – 0.7
– Vavg = 99.3/
– What happens to the

frequency?

 Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)


– The peak voltage at which the Output:
diode is reverse biased
– In this example PIV = Vp(in)-
– Hence, the diode must be rated
for PIV = 100 V
Transformers (Review)
 Transformer: Two inductors coupled together – separated by a dielectric
 When the input magnetic field is changing voltage is induced on the
second inductor
 The dot represents the + (voltage direction)
 Applications:
 Step-up/down
 Isolate sources
 Turns ratio (n)
 n = Sec. turns / Pri. turns = Nsec/Npri
 Vsec = n. Vpri
depending on value of n : step-up or step-down

 Center-tapped transformer
 Voltage on each side is Vsec/2
Half-wave Rectifier - Example

 Example:
– Assume that the input is a sinusoidal signal with Vp=156 V & T = 2
msec; assume Nsec:Npri = 1:2
– Draw the signal
– Find turns ratio;
– Find Vsec;
– Find Vout.

78-0.7
n = ½ = 0.5
Vsec = n.Vpri = 78 V
Vout = Vsec – 0.7 = 77.3 V
Full-wave Rectifier

 Note that the frequency is doubled


 Vavg = 2Vp(out)/= 0.637 x Vp(out)
Full-wave Rectifier Circuit

 Center-tapped full-wave rectifier


– Each half has a voltage = Vsec/2
 Only one diode is forward biased
at a time
 The voltages at different halves
are opposite of each other
Full-wave Rectifier Circuit

 Center-tapped full-wave rectifier


– Each half has a voltage = Vsec/2
 Only one diode is forward biased
at a time
 The voltages at different halves
are opposite of each other
Full-wave Rectifier Circuit

 Vout = Vsec /2 – 0.7


 Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)
– PIV = (Vsec/2 – 0.7)- (-Vsec/2) = Vsec – 0.7
 Vout = Vsec/2 – 0.7

Assuming D2 is
reverse-biased 
No current through D2
Full-wave Rectifier - Example

 Assuming a center-tapped transformer


 Find the turns ratio
 Find Vsec
 Find Vout
 Find PIV
 Draw the Vsec and Vout
 What is the output freq? Vsec

 n=1:2=0.5
 Vsec=n*Vpri=25
 Vout = Vsec/2 – 0.7
 PIV = Vsec-0.7=24.3 V
Full-wave Rectifier - Multisim
 XFrmr can be virtual or real
 Use View Grapher to see the details of your
results
 The wire-color can determine the waveform
color
 Make sure the ground is connected to the
scope.
Bridge Full-wave Rectifier

 Uses an untapped transformer  larger Vsec


 Four diodes connected creating a bridge
– When positive voltage 
 D1 and D2 are forward biased
– When negative voltage 
 D3 and D4 are forward biased

 Two diodes are always in series with the load


– Vp(out) = Vp(sec) – 1.4V
– The negative voltage is inverted
 The Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)
– PIV=Vp(out)+0.7
Bridge Full-wave Rectifier - Example

 Assume 12 Vrms secondary voltage for the standard 120 Vrms


across the primary
– Find the turns ratio
– Find Vp(sec)
– Show the signal direction when Vin is positive
– Find PIV rating
120Vr
ms
n=Vsec/Vpri = 0.110:1
Vp(sec) = (0.707)-1 x Vrms = 1.414(12)=17 V
Vp(out) = V(sec) – (0.7 + 0.7) = 15.6 V through D1&D2
PIV = Vp(out) + 0.7 = 16.3 V

Note: Vp-Vbr ; hence, always


convert from rms to Vp
Bridge Full-wave Rectifier - Comparison

120
Vr
ms

Vp(2)=Peak secondary voltage ; Vp(out) Peak output voltage ; Idc = dc


load current

Make sure you understand this!


Filters and Regulators
Filters
Filters
Filters
Filters

-Ripple voltage depends on voltage variation across the capacitor


- Large ripple means less effective filter

peak-to-peak
ripple voltage
Filters

Too much ripple is bad!


Ripple factor = Vr (pp) / VDC
Vr (pp) = (1/ fRLC) x Vp(unfiltered)
VDC = (1 – 1/ fRLC) x Vp(unfiltered)
Diode Limiting

 What is Vout?
– Vout+ = Vin (RL)/(RL+R1) = 9.09
– Vout- = -0.7

Forward biased when positive

Reverse biased when negative,


hence voltage drop is only -0.7

So how can we change the offset?


Diode Limiting – Changing the offset

Negative limiter

Remember:
When positive voltage  reverse biased  No current  no clipping!

Positive limiter

What if we mix these together?


Diode Limiter

 When the input signal is positive D1 is


reversed biased; acting as positive limiter
Pos. Limiter

+VBIAS+0.7
-VBIAS-0.7
Diode Clamper
 It adds a dc level
 When the input voltage is negative, the
capacitor is charged
– Initially, this will establish a positive dc
offset

 Note that the frequency of the signal


stays the same
 RC time constant is typically much
larger than 10*(Period)
 Note that if the diode and capacitor are
flipped, the dc level will be negative
Output:
Diode
Characteristics (VRRM & IF(AV) )

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