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Variable S: Quantitativ e

Here are the answers to the activities: Activity 1: 1. Age (yr) - Continuous quantitative 2. Weight - Continuous quantitative 3. Height - Continuous quantitative 4. BMI - Continuous quantitative 5. Gender - Nominal categorical 6. No. of kids - Discrete quantitative 7. Eye colour - Nominal categorical Activity 2: 1. Types of Audio-visual Materials - Independent variable Problem-solving Skills in Mathematics - Dependent variable 2. Study Habits - Independent variable Level of Performance in Management Subject - Dependent variable 3. Types of Soil and Fertilizer - Independent variable Growth of Papaya Tree - Dependent variable

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53 views40 pages

Variable S: Quantitativ e

Here are the answers to the activities: Activity 1: 1. Age (yr) - Continuous quantitative 2. Weight - Continuous quantitative 3. Height - Continuous quantitative 4. BMI - Continuous quantitative 5. Gender - Nominal categorical 6. No. of kids - Discrete quantitative 7. Eye colour - Nominal categorical Activity 2: 1. Types of Audio-visual Materials - Independent variable Problem-solving Skills in Mathematics - Dependent variable 2. Study Habits - Independent variable Level of Performance in Management Subject - Dependent variable 3. Types of Soil and Fertilizer - Independent variable Growth of Papaya Tree - Dependent variable

Uploaded by

James Valencia Henson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VARIABLE

S
Quantitativ
e
Objectives:
1. Determine the classifications of variables;
and
2. Differentiate the classifications of variables
MEANING OF
V
• ARIABLES
A variable is any entity that can take on different values.
So what does that mean? Anything that can vary can be
considered a variable.
• For instance, age can be considered a variable because
age can take different values for different people or for
the same person at different times. Similarly, country can
be considered a variable because a person's country can
be assigned a value.
Cont.
.• A variable is a concept or abstract idea that can be
described in measurable terms. In research, this term
refers to the measurable characteristics, qualities,
traits, or attributes of a particular individual, object, or
situation being studied.
Cont..
• Variables are properties or characteristics of some
event, object, or person that can take on different
values or amounts.
• Variables are things that we measure, control, or
manipulate in research. They differ in many respects,
most notably in the role they are given in our research
and in the type of measures that can be applied to
them.
Cont.
.• Variables are those simplified portions of the complex
phenomena that you intend to study. The word variable
is derived from the root word “vary”, meaning,
changing in amount, volume, number, form, nature or
type. These variables should be measurable, i.e., they
can be counted or subjected to a scale.
Phenomenon: climate change
Examples of variables related to climate
change:
• sea level
• temperature
• the amount of carbon emission
• the amount of rainfall
Phenomenon: Crime and violence in the streets
• Examples of variables related to crime and violence: number
of robberies
• number of attempted murders
• number of prisoners
• number of crime victims
• number of laws enforcers
• number of convictions
• number of car napping incidents
Others:
• Intelligence
• Gender
• Age
• Academic
performance
• Emotional intelligence
Variables: characteristics of
people
VARIABLE HOW TO GET(measure, VALUE CHANCES
count, enquire,
observe, compute)
age enquire 39 More likely
weight measure 69.1 kg Likely
height measure 138 cm unlikely
BMI Compute 36.3 Unlikely
gender observe F or m 50-50
No of kids enquire 2 Likely
look observe likely

Eye color observe Black, brown, white likely


CLASSIFICATIONS OF VARIABLES
VARIABLES CAN BE CLASSIFIED
AS: VARIABLE
S
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
• Categorical • numeric
• Textual • numbers
• Cannot perform • Can perform arithmetic (- +
arithmetic (- + x) x)
• Eg. Religion, stage of • Eg. Temperature, total weight
Basic Types
Independent dependent

Those that Those that bear or


cause changes manifest the effects
caused by the ind.
in the subject variables
A. NUMERIC VARIABLES
• Values that describe a measurable
numerical quantity.
• Answers the questions “ how many” or
“how much”.
• These values are considered as quantitative
data.
• CONTINUOUS VARIABLES AND
1. CONTINUOUS VARIABLES
• A continuous variable is a numeric variable.
• Observations can take any value between a certain set of
real numbers.
• The value given to an observation for a continuous variable
can include values as small as the instrument of
measurement allows.
• Examples of continuous variables include height, time,
age, and temperature.
• INTERVAL AND RATIO
2. DISCRETE
VARIABLES
• A discrete variable is a numeric variable.
• Observations can take a value based on a count from a
set of distinct whole values.
• A discrete variable cannot take the value of a fraction
between one value and the next closest value.
• Examples of discrete variables include the number of
registered cars, number of business locations, and number
of children in a family, all of of which measured as whole
units (i.e. 1, 2, 3 cars).
B. CATEGORICAL VARIABLES
• Categorical variables have values that describe a
'quality' or 'characteristic' of a data unit like 'what
type' or 'which category'.
• Categorical variables fall into mutually exclusive (in one
category or in another) and exhaustive (include all
possible options) categories.
• Therefore, categorical variables are qualitative variables
and tend to be represented by a non-numeric value.
• ORDINAL,NOMINAL,DICHOTOMOUS, POLYCHOTOMOUS
1. ORDINAL VARIABLES
• An ordinal variable is a categorical variable.
• Observations can take a value that can be logically ordered or
ranked.
• The categories associated with ordinal variables can be ranked
higher or lower than another, but do not necessarily establish a
numeric difference between each category.
• Examples of ordinal categorical variables include academic grades
(i.e. A, B, C), clothing size (i.e. small, medium, large, extra large)
and attitudes (i.e. strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly
disagree).
2. NOMINAL VARIABLES
• A nominal variable is a categorical variable.
• Observations can take a value that is not able to
be organized in a logical sequence.
• Examples of nominal categorical variables include
sex, business type, eye colour, religion and brand.
3. DICHOTOMOUS
•VARIABLES
These variables represents only two
categories.
• Eg. Gender – Male or
female Answer- Yes or No
Veracity – true or false
4. POLYCHOTOMOU VARIABLES
• These variables have many categories.
• Eg. Educational attainment – elementary,
high school, college, graduate, post grad.
level of performance – excellent, very good,
good, satisfactory, poor
C.EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES – identify cause and effect
relationship
a. Independent variables – these variables are usually manipulated
in an experiment. It is also called as manipulated or explanatory
variable.
b. Dependent variables – these variables are usually affected by
the manipulation of the independent variable. It is also called
as response or predicted variable.
c. Extraneous variables – These variables are also called as
mediating or intervening variables. Existence is inferred but it
Examples:
Title: How stress affects mental state
of human beings?

Independent: Stress
Dependent: mental state of human
beings Extraneous:
Example
Title:
s: An
Experiment on the Methods of
Teaching and Language
Achievements Among elementary Pupils
Independent
:
Dependent:
Independent: Method of teaching
Dependent: Language Achievements
Extraneous: Ventilation
Facilities; physical ambiance
Example
Title:
s: Use of Gardening Tools and Types of
fertilizer: Their Effects on the Amount of
Harvest
Independent
:
Dependent:
Independent: Use of gardening
tools and types of Fertilizer
Dependent: Amount of Harvest
Extraneous: Humidity level; types
of seeds/plants
D. Non-experimental Variables
– researcher cannot control predictor variable or
subjects instead relies on observations, interactions, or
interpretations to come to a conclusions
a. Predictor variables – portion of the experiment that is
being manipulated to see if it has effect on the
dependent variable.
b. Criterion Variables – influenced by the predictor
variables
• In statistical modeling, the predictor variable is analogous
to an independent variable and is used to predict an
outcome (the criterion variable).
• One of the main differences between
independent/dependent and criterion/predictor variables is
the concept of causation.
• You can manipulate independent variables in experimental
research and imply that manipulation causes some kind of
change in the dependent variable.
Cont..
• However,in statistical modeling correlation
,
(related)doesn’tnecessarilymean causatio
(cause and effect). n
• All the correlation means is that there is some
relationship between the two variables.
Therefore, a change in the predictor variable may
correlate with a change in the criterion variable
but it does not mean the change caused
ACTIVITY 1: Classify the following
variables:
Variable Quantity levels of
/ Quality Measurement/
classification
1. Age (yr)
2. Weight
3. Height
4. BMI
5. Gender
6. No. of kids
7. Eye colour
Activity 2. Identify what type of experimental variable is
being
referred
RESEARCH TITLE INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
to. VARIABLE VARIABLE
1. The Effects of Types of Audio-visual
Materials to the Problem-solving Skills in
Mathematics
2. Various Study Habits, and their Effects on
the Level of Performance in Management
Subject
3. Effects of Types of Soil and Fertilizer on
the Growth of Papaya Tree
4. Effects of Mobile Gaming to
Academic Performance of the Students
Activity 3. Identify what type of non- experimental variable
is
being referred
RESEARCH TITLE PREDICTOR CRITERION
to. VARIABLE VARIABLE
1. Relationship of Leadership Styles and Levels
of Satisfaction of Customers of Selected
Restaurants
2. Profile of Parents and Family Bonding:
Their Influence on Study Habits and
Achievements level
3. Types of Business and Managerial
Skills Towards Profitability Levels of
Canteens
4. Disciplinary Mechanism and Behavioral
Thank
You!

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