Scribd
Upload
45 views10 pages

Introduction To SQL - 1: Saturday 22,2001

This document introduces the SQL SELECT statement. It discusses the main clauses of the SELECT statement - SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, and ORDER BY. It explains what each clause is used for and some rules regarding their usage, such as only being able to use group functions in the HAVING clause. It also covers topics like assigning aliases, using comparison operators, and the order that clauses are executed.

Uploaded by

Munawar Hussain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
45 views10 pages

Introduction To SQL - 1: Saturday 22,2001

This document introduces the SQL SELECT statement. It discusses the main clauses of the SELECT statement - SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, and ORDER BY. It explains what each clause is used for and some rules regarding their usage, such as only being able to use group functions in the HAVING clause. It also covers topics like assigning aliases, using comparison operators, and the order that clauses are executed.

Uploaded by

Munawar Hussain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

Lecture 7

Introduction to SQL - 1

Saturday 22,2001
Introduction
 Official Name
– International Standard Database Language SQL
 Sub Languages
– Data Definition Language
• Create
• Alter
• Drop
– Data Manipulation Language
• Select
• Insert
• Update
• Delete
Select Statement
 Syntax
SELECT [DISTINCT]{* |column[alias][,..] | groupfunc(column)[,..]}
FROM table[,..]
[WHERE condition(s)]
[GROUP BY {column[,...] }]
[HAVING groupcondition]
[ORDER BY {column | expr | alias [,...]} [ASC|DESC]] ;
– have six main clauses
• select
• from
• where
• group by
• having
• order by
Select Statement
 SELECT clause
– used to specify the names of columns to display in output
– * means all columns in the table are selected
– an alias can be asssigned to a column name as:
name [AS] employeename
– column can be a computed column as:
sal * 1.5
– table name can also be used with column names to clarify:
emp.ename
Select Statement
 FROM clause
– used to specify the names of tables from which rows to
be selected
– an alias can be used for a table as:
emp e, dept d
– another select statement can also be placed in this
clause
Select Statement
 WHERE clause
– used to specify the condition to restrict the rows selected
– a condition given in this clause has three parts:
• column name
• comparison operator
• column name, constant, or list of values
– more than one conditions can be joined using AND, OR and
NOT operators
– a subquery can be used after comparison operator
– using subqueries, be careful about the records returned by
the subquery
• single row comparison operators can only be used with single
row subqueries. ( > , < , >= , <= , <> , =)
• for multiple row subqueries always use multiple row
comparison operaors. (IN , ANY , ALL)
Select Statement
 GROUP BY clause
– used to divide rows in a table into groups
– if you include a group function in SELECT caluse then you
cannot include extra columns in SELECT clause unless you
specify all such columns in GROUP BY clause
– column alias can’t be used with GROUP BY clause
– WHERE clause can be used to exclude rows which are not
needed to be grouped
Select Statement
 HAVING clause
– WHERE clause can’t be used to restrict groups i.e., group
functions can’t be used in WHERE clause
– used to restrict groups normally using group functions
– you can use subqueries in this clause
– using subqueries, be careful about the records returned by
the subquery
• single row comparison operators can only be used with single
row subqueries. ( > , < , >= , <= , <> , =)
• for multiple row subqueries always use multiple row
comparison operaors. (IN , ANY , ALL)
Select Statement
 ORDER BY clause
– used to order/sort the rows returned by the select statement
– an alias or expresssion can be used for sorting purpose
employeename
sal * 1.5
– default sort order is ascending
Select Statement
 Some rules
– sub query is executed in first and then its result is applied to
the location where it is used to each row returned by the
main query
– first of all WHERE clause is executed to restrict the rows
– secondly groups are identified if there is a GROUP BY
clause
– then groups are restricted if there is a HAVING clause
– you can’t use ORDER BY clause in sub queries

You might also like