Infection Control: Submitted by Mrs Gayathri R 2 Yr MSC (N) Ucon

INFECTION CONTROL
Submitted by
Mrs Gayathri R
2Submitted
nd yr MScby(N)
Mrs Gayathri R
UCON
2nd yr MSc (N)
UCON
Introduction
Hospital infection is also called nosocomial infection. It’s the
single largest factor that adversely affect both the patient and
the hospital. The English word nosocomial is derived from the
Greek ‘Nosokomeion’ meaning ‘hospital’. Nosocomial
infection is that which develops in the patients after more than
48 hrs of hospitalization. Bacterial infections, which appear
with in first 48 hrs of admission, are considered as community
acquired.
Definition
• An infection is the entry and multiplication of an infectious agent in the
tissue of the host. Infectious agent may be bacteria, virus, fungus, spirochete
or other microorganism capable of producing infection under favorable
circumstances of host and the environment
Navdeep kaur
• Infection control is the discipline concerned with preventing nosocomial or
healthcare associated infection.
Classification of infection
• Primary & Secondary infection
• Local & Systemic infection
• Acute & Chronic infection
• Nosocomial infection
• Iatrogenic infection
Chain of infection
Infection
Reservoir
Portal of
entry
Exit
Vehicle of
transmission
Mode of transmission
• Contact transmission
• Droplet transmission
• Airborne transmission
• Vehicle transmission
• Vector borne transmission

Infection prevention
Basics of infection control
• Prevention of nosocomial infection.
• To practice good asepsis.
• Hospital policies and procedures are applied.

Principles
• Client safety in the health care environment requires the reduction
of microorganism transmission.
• Infection control practices are directed at controlling or
eliminating sources of infection in the health care agency or home.
• Nurses are responsible for protecting clients and themselves by
using infection control practices.
• Nurses & clients must be educated on the types of infections,
modes of transmission, risk for susceptibility & infection control
practices required to control or prevent further transmission.
Objectives
• To protect the patient & members of the hospital team.
• To reduce the number of pathogens.
• To implement high standard of infection control when

treating every patient.
Strategy to achieve infection control
• All patients must be screened.
• Barriers for personal protection.
• Careful aseptic technique.
• Sterilization and disinfection.
• Disposal of contaminated waste safely.

Importance of infection control
• Prevent post procedure infections.
• Results in high quality, safe services.
• Prevents infection in service providers and other staff.
• Protect the community from incidence that originate from
health care facilities.
• Prevent the spread of antibiotic resistant microorganism.
• Lowers the costs of healthcare services, since prevention is
cheaper than treatment.
Hospital infection control programme
• Organized surveillance and control activities.
• One infection control practitioners for every major health

facility.
• A trained hospital epidemiologist

Hospital infection control programme
Basic elements:
• Providing system of identification & reporting infection
• Maintain records
• Provide good hospital hygiene
• Provide continuing education programme
• Quality assurance
• Providing coordination with all committee

Breaking chain of infection
Breaking chain 1 of infection
• Rapid accurate identification of organism
• Control or elimination of infectious agent (disinfection,

sterilization).
Measures for control or elimination of reservoirs of infection.
• Employee health
• Environmental cleaning
• Handling of linen
• Visitors control
• Pest control
Portal of exit
• Practice aseptic precaution
• Avoid talking directly to patient
• Wearing PPE
• Careful handling of biomedical waste

Transmission based precaution;
• Airborne precaution
• Droplet precaution
• Contact precaution
Portal of entry
• Maintain skin integrity & mucus membrane
• Proper position of tubing's
• Turning & positioning of debilitating patients
• Ensure personal hygiene of client
• Proper waste disposal
• Care should be taken while handling & collecting specimens
Protecting susceptible host
• Regular oral hygiene
• Maintain adequate intake
• Proper hand washing

Universal blood & body fluid precaution
• Any object come in contact with blood should be disinfected
• Use of gloves
• Use of mosquito nets

Hospital waste management
Hospital infection control organization
• Infection control team
• Infection control committee
• Infection control officer
• Infection control doctor
• Infection control nurse
• Infection control manual

Functions
Infection control team

• Detects , investigate nosocomial infection
• Investigation of environmental problems
• Detect community acquired infection
• Authority for follow up
• Monitor hospital policy
• Implementation of in-service orientation programme
• Guiding & monitoring of hospital infection
Functions
Infection control committee
• Conduct periodic review of statistics on nosocomial infection
• Survey reports
• Super wise epidemiological investigation
• Review current policies

Functions
Infection control officer
• Responsible for recording minutes and arranging meeting
• Consultant member of ICC and leaders of ICT
• Identification of pathogens
• Investigation of outbreak
Functions
Infection control doctor
• As a specialist and advisor
• Assist the chief executive or hospital administrator
• Participation in preparation of tender documents

Infection control nurse
• Daily visit to ward/lab
• Checking registers
• Collection and tabulation of data
• Monitoring and supervision
• Training health care professionals
• Assist in bacteriological study

Infection control responsibility
• Role of hospital management
• Role of physician
• Role of microbiologist
• Role of pharmacist
• Role of nursing staff
• Role of central sterilization service
• Role of food services
• Role of laundry services
• Role of house keeping services
Journal abstract
• Abstract ID: 2511
To “Urgh” is Human… Exploring Inherent and Elective Hand Hygiene
Triggers: A pilot study in the NHS
• Carolyn Dawson
University of Warwick
Introduction
• An observational study of Hand Hygiene (HH) within an
NHS Acute setting explored the behavioural theory of
Inherent and Elective HH. This suggests HH behaviour is not
homogenous, but has two elements: Inherent producing
automatic HH, and Elective encompassing HH requiring
learning. This research piloted a method to observe Inherent
and Elective trigger activities within an NHS setting, and
compare compliance for each element. HH rates for Inherent
activities were predicted to be higher than for Elective
activities.
Results and Discussion
• Data were collected over 10-days between 15th January - 20th
February 2013, resulting in 121 observations; 40 were randomly
selected for analysis. A McNemar test of difference was applied to
determine whether trigger activity affected likelihood of HH behaviour
(performed/not performed). Thirteen participants performed HH for
Inherent Triggers but not Elective, seven performed HH universally.
This behavioural difference was found to be significant χ2 (df 1)
11.077, p=<0.001, indicating HH within an NHS setting is more likely
for some activities than others. This study is believed to be the first to
apply Inherent and Elective theory empirically within the NHS.
Further work is planned building upon the pilot study, exploring
habituation to Inherent triggers and a link with the WHO 5 Moments.
Conclusion
Infection control is the discipline concerned with preventing

nosocomial or healthcare-associated infection, a practical
(rather than academic) sub-discipline of epidemiology. It is an
essential, though often under recognized and undersupported,
part of the infrastructure of health care.

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What are the different classifications of infections mentioned?

What are the different classifications of infections mentioned?

What are the different modes of transmission of infections?

What are the different modes of transmission of infections?

INFECTION CONTROL

• Primary & Secondary infection

• Local & Systemic infection

• Acute & Chronic infection

• Vector borne transmission

• Prevention of nosocomial infection.

• To practice good asepsis.

• Hospital policies and procedures are applied.

• To protect the patient & members of the hospital team.

• To reduce the number of pathogens.

• To implement high standard of infection control when

• All patients must be screened.

• Barriers for personal protection.

• Careful aseptic technique.

• Sterilization and disinfection.

• Disposal of contaminated waste safely.

• Organized surveillance and control activities.

• One infection control practitioners for every major health

• A trained hospital epidemiologist

• Providing system of identification & reporting infection

• Provide good hospital hygiene

• Provide continuing education programme

• Providing coordination with all committee

• Rapid accurate identification of organism

• Control or elimination of infectious agent (disinfection,

Measures for control or elimination of reservoirs of infection.

• Practice aseptic precaution

• Avoid talking directly to patient

• Careful handling of biomedical waste

Transmission based precaution;

Protecting susceptible host

• Regular oral hygiene

• Maintain adequate intake

• Proper hand washing

• Any object come in contact with blood should be disinfected

• Use of mosquito nets

• Infection control team

• Infection control committee

• Infection control officer

• Infection control doctor

• Infection control nurse

• Infection control manual

Infection control team

Infection control committee

• Conduct periodic review of statistics on nosocomial infection

• Super wise epidemiological investigation

• Review current policies

Infection control officer

• Responsible for recording minutes and arranging meeting

• Consultant member of ICC and leaders of ICT

Infection control doctor

• As a specialist and advisor

• Assist the chief executive or hospital administrator

• Participation in preparation of tender documents