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Single Phase Alternating Current

1) Alternating current flows first in one direction then the opposite direction in a repeating cycle. It is generated by rotating a coil within a magnetic field which induces a voltage as the magnetic flux cuts through the coil. 2) In a series RLC circuit, the total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances and the total impedance is determined by the resistance and the combined reactances. 3) The phase relationship between the current and voltages depends on whether the circuit is predominantly inductive or capacitive.

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Muhammad Waqiuddin Bin Shamsul Nizam
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176 views42 pages

Single Phase Alternating Current

1) Alternating current flows first in one direction then the opposite direction in a repeating cycle. It is generated by rotating a coil within a magnetic field which induces a voltage as the magnetic flux cuts through the coil. 2) In a series RLC circuit, the total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances and the total impedance is determined by the resistance and the combined reactances. 3) The phase relationship between the current and voltages depends on whether the circuit is predominantly inductive or capacitive.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Waqiuddin Bin Shamsul Nizam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ALTERNATING CURRENT

SINGLE PHASE

MUHAMMAD WAQIUDDIN BIN SHAMSUL NIZAM

DB190035

MOHAMAD NOR’ AMNAN BIN NORDIN

DB190030

NURAFIQAH BINTI MOHAMAD NOOR

DB190062

NUR AIRA AMIRA BINTI ABDUL HALIM


Alternating
Current
• Alternating current (AC) flows first in one direction then in the opposite
direction.

• Sources of AC are commonly shown as an AC generator.

• Electric current that rises from zero to a maximum in one direction, falls to
zero, and then rises to a maximum in the opposite direction, then repeats
another cycle, the positive and negative alternations being equal.
• AC source from generator (AU generator consist of conductor wire coil,
rotated in magnetic field), which used electromagnetic flow principle
(converting mechanical energy into electrical energy).
• AC waveform :
How To Generate AC?
• A basic generator consists of a magnetic field, an armature, slip rings,
brushes and a resistive load.
• The magnetic field is usually an electromagnet. An armature is any number
of conductive wires wound in loops which rotates through the magnetic field.
• For simplicity, one loop is shown. When a conductor is moved through a
magnetic field, a voltage is induced in the conductor.
• As the armature rotates through the magnetic field, a voltage is generated in
the armature which causes current to flow.
• Slip rings are attached to the armature and rotate with it.
• Carbon brushes ride against the slip rings to conduct current from the
armature to a resistive load.
One loop in 2-pole magnet
Basic generation operation

• An armature rotates through the magnetic field. At an initial position


of zero degrees, the armature conductors are moving parallel to the
magnetic field and not cutting through any magnetic lines of flux. No
voltage is induced.
Generation Operation From 0 to 90
Degrees
• The armature rotates from zero to 90 degrees. The conductors cut
through more and more lines of flux, building up to a maximum
induced voltage in the positive direction.
Generation Operation From 90 to
180 Degrees
• The armature continues to rotate from 90 to 180 degrees, cutting
less lines of flux. The induced voltage decreases from a maximum
positive value to zero.
Generation Operation From 180 To
270 Degrees
• The armature continues to rotate from 180 degrees to 270degrees.
The conductors cut more and more lines of flux, but in the opposite
direction. Voltage is induced in the negative direction building up to
a maximum at 270 degrees.
Generation Operation From 270 To 360 Degrees

• The armature continues to rotate from 270 to 360 degrees. Induced


voltage decreases from a maximum negative value to zero. This
completes one cycle. The armature will continue to rotate at a
constant speed. The cycle will continuously repeat as long as the
armature rotates.
Circuit Alternating Current
For Resistance, Capacitor
And Inductor
Resistance Circuit
Inductor Circuit
• In a purely inductive AC circuit, the current IC lags the applied
voltage VL by 90◦ (i.e. π/2 rads).
• In a purely inductive circuit the opposition to the flow of alternating
current is called the inductive reactance, XL

• Where f is the supply frequency, in hertz, and L is the inductance,


in henrys.
• XL is proportional to f as shown in Figure below
Capacitor Circuit
• In a purely capacitor AC circuit, the current IC the applied voltage
VC by 90◦ (i.e. π/2 rads).
• In a purely capacitive circuit the opposition to the flow of alternating
current is called the capacitive reactance, XC

• Where C is the capacitance in farads.


• XC varies with frequency f as shown in Figure below
Current, Voltage And Impedance In
Series Circuit Alternating Current R-
L,
R-C And
R-L-C
RL Series Circuit
• Impedance and phase angle of a series RL circuit

Figure 1
• The impedance of a series RL circuit is determined by the
resistance (R) and the inductive reactance (XL) as indicated in
Figure 1.
• In ac analysis, both R and XL are treated as phasor quantities, as shown
in phasor diagram of Figure a)
• With XL appearing at a 90°. Since Z is the phasor sum of R and XL, its
phasor representation is as shown in figure b)
• A repositioning of the phasors, as shown in part c)
• Form a right triangle. This formation, as you have learned, is called the
impedance triangle. The length of each phasor represents the magnitude
of the quantity, and φ is the phase angle between the applied voltage and
the current in the RL circuit.
• The impedance Z, of the series RL circuit can be expressed in terms
of the resistance and reactance as

Where Z expressed in ohm.

• The phase angle, φ is expressed as


Example for calculation RL Circuit :
• Determine the impedance and phase angle of the circuit below

The impedance is

The phase angle is


Ohm’s Law
• The application of Ohm’s Law to series RL circuits involves the use
of the quantities of Z, V and I. They apply also to RL circuits and are
restated here for convenience:

• EXAMPLE :The current in figure below is 200µA. Determine the


source voltage.
The inductive reactance is :

The impedance is :

Applying Ohm’s Law yields :


Phase Relationships of the Current and Voltages
• In a series RL circuit, the current is the same through both the
resistor and the inductor.
• Thus, the resistor voltage is in phase with the current, and the
inductor voltage leads the current by 90°.
• Therefore, there is a phase difference of 90° between the resistor
voltage, VR and the inductor voltage VL as shown in the waveform
below.
• Phase relation of current and voltages in series RL circuit.
• From Kirchhoff’s voltage law, the sum of the voltage drops must
equal the applied voltage.
• However, since VR and VL are not in phase with each other, they
must be added as phasor quantities with VL leading VR by 90°, as
shown in figure a). As shown in part b) VS is the phasor sum of VR
and VL.

Voltage phasor diagram for a series RL circuit.


• This equation can be express as

• The phase angle between the resistor voltage and the source
voltage can be expressed as

• Figure below show a voltage and current phasor diagram that


represents the waveform diagram
RC Series Circuit
• Impedance and phase angle of R-C series circuit

• The impedance of a series RC circuit is determined by both the


resistance (R) and the capacitive reactance (Xc) in Figure 1.
• In ac analysis, both R and Xc are treated as phasor quantities, as
shown in phasor diagram of Figure a)
• With XL appering at a - 90° angle with respect to R. Since Z is the
phasor sum of R and Xc, its phasor representation is as shown in figure
b)
• A repositioning of the phasors, as shown in part c)
• Form a right triangle. This formation, as you have learned, is called the
impedance triangle. The length of each phasor represents the
magnitude in ohm, and the φ is the phase angle of the RC circuit and
represents the phase difference between the applied voltage and the
current.
• The magnitude of the impedance can be expressed in terms of the
resistance and reactance as
 

Where Z expressed in ohm.

• The phase angle is


Example: Determine the impedance and phase angle of the circuit
below

The impedance is : The phase angle is :


Ohm’s Law
• The application of Ohm’s Law to series RC circuits involves the use
of the quantities of Z, V and I. They apply also to RL circuits and are
restated here for convenience:

The following example illustrates to use Ohm’s Law.


• The current in figure below is 200µA. Determine the source voltage.
The capacitive reactance is :

The impedance is :

Applying Ohm’s Law yields :


• The phase angle is :
Example:
Determine the impedance and phase angle of the circuit below :

The impedance is The phase angle is


The capacitive reactance is :

The impedance is :

Applying Ohm’s Law yields


Phase Relationships of the Current and Voltages
• In a series RC circuit, the current is the same through both the
resistor and the capacitor.
• Thus, the resistor voltage is in phase with the current, and the
capacitor voltage lags the current by 90°.
• Therefore, there is a phase difference of 90° between the resistor
voltage, VR and the inductor voltage Vc as shown in the waveform
below

Phase relation
of current and
voltages in
series RC
circuit
• From Kirchhoff’s voltage law, the sum of the voltage drops must
equal the applied voltage.
• However, since VR and Vc are not in phase with each other, they
must be added as phasor quantities with Vc lagging VR by 90°, as
shown in figure a). As shown in part b) VS is the phasor sum of VR
and Vc.

Voltage phasor diagram for a series RC circuit


. RLC series Circuit

• The applied voltage V and the current I are in phase

• When XL>XC the circuit


is predominantly
inductive

• When XC>XL the circuit


is predominantly
capacitive
• When XL > XC
• The total resistance in the series circuit is

• The total impedance for the series RLC circuit is given by

• The phase angle between VS and I is


• When XC > XL
• The total resistance in the series circuit is

• The total impedance for the series RLC circuit is given by

• The phase angle between VS and I is

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