Cement

Presented By
DILSHAD HASAN, 1823001
MD. FASEEHUL ISLAM, 1823002
JOYJIT BOSE, 1823003
MD. SHAFAYET ALAM, 1823004
IFFAT JAHAN CHOWDHURY, 1823005
MD. TANBIN HASSAN, 1823006
MD ABDULLAH ALL NAIM, 1823007
ESTIAK AHMED, 1823008
MD.SAKHAWAT HOSSAIN, 1823009
INTRODUCTION
Definition: Cement is a binder, a
substance that sets and hardens
and can bind other materials
together.
Application:
 Residential and Commercial
Buildings
 Bridges, Culverts
 Foundations, Sewers, Piles
 Swimming Pools
 Dams, Tunnels etc.
 HISTORY
 The Egyptians used calcined gypsum as a cement and the
Greeks and Romans used lime made by heating
limestone and added sand to make mortar, with coarser
stones for concrete.
 The Romans found that a cement could be made which
set under water and this was used for the construction of
harbours. This cement was made by adding crushed
volcanic ash to lime and was later called a
"pozzolanic" cement, named after the village
of Pozzuoli near Vesuvius.
 HISTORY(CONT.)
In places where volcanic ash was
scarce, such as Britain, crushed brick or
tile was used instead. The Romans
were therefore probably the first to
manipulate systematically the
properties of cementitious materials
for specific applications and situations.
Hadrian's Wall, a few miles East of Housesteads, England
CLASSIFICATION of Cement
Cement

Non-
Hydraulic
hydraulic

High-
Natural Portland
alumina
Cement Cement
Cement
 Portland cement
Definition: Portland Cement may be defined as the product
obtained by pulverizing clinker consisting essentially of
hydraulic calcium aluminates, silicates of varying composition,
which hydrates and becomes hard like stone in contact with
water or moist air.
Portland Cement is generally known as
Ordinary Portland Cement(OPC).
Raw materials OF opc
Portland cement is manufactured by crushing, milling and
proportioning the following materials:
o Lime or calcium oxide, CaO: from limestone, chalk, shells,
shale or calcareous rock
o Silica, SiO2: from sand, old bottles, clay or argillaceous
rock
o Alumina, Al2O3: from bauxite, recycled aluminum, clay
o Iron, Fe2O3: from clay, iron ore, scrap iron and fly ash
o Gypsum, CaSO4.2H20: found together with limestone
 MANUFACTURE Process
Collect the raw materials such as;
limestone, clay, sea
sand, shale, and etc.
Grind the raw material into a very
fine powder
Mix them in predetermined
proportions
Burn them in a large rotary kiln at a
temperature of
about 1400°C when the material sinters
and partially
fuses into clinker
The clinker is cooled and ground to a
fine powder, with
some gypsum added, and resulting
product is the
commercial Portland cement
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
a) Fineness of Cement:
The size of the particles of the cement is its fineness. The required
fineness of good cement is achieved through grinding the clinker.
Hydration rate of cement is directly related to the cement particle
size.
b) Soundness of Cement:
Soundness refers to the ability of cement to not shrink upon
hardening. Good quality cement retains its volume after setting
without delayed expansion, which is caused by excessive free lime
and magnesia.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES(Cont.)
c) Consistency of Cement:
The ability of cement paste to flow is
consistency.
d) Strength of Cement:
Three types of strength of cement are
measured – compressive, tensile and Compressive Strength Test
flexural. Various factors affect the strength,
such as water-cement ratio, cement-fine
aggregate ratio, curing conditions, size and
shape of a specimen, the manner of molding and mixing, loading conditions and age.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES(Cont.)
e) Setting Time of Cement:
Cement sets and hardens when water is added. This setting
time can vary depending on multiple factors, such as fineness
of cement, cement-water ratio, chemical content, and
admixtures. Cement used in construction should have an
initial setting time that is not too low and a final setting time
not too high.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES(Cont.)
f) Heat of Hydration:
When water is added to cement, the reaction that takes
place is called hydration. Hydration generates heat. When
heat generation is high, especially in large structures, it
may cause undesired stress. The heat of hydration is
affected most by C3S and C3A present in cement.
g) Loss of Ignition:
Heating a cement sample at 900 - 1000°C causes weight
loss. This loss of weight upon heating is calculated as loss
of ignition.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES(Cont.)
h) Bulk Density:
Cement has a varying range of density
depending on the cement composition
percentage. The density of cement may be
anywhere from 62 to 78 pounds per cubic foot.
i) Specific Gravity:
Portland cement has a specific gravity of 3.15.
The higher the density is, the greater the
strength of cement will be.
Chemical PROPERTIES
Chemical Compounds

Major Compound Minor Compound

• Tri-calcium Aluminate (C3A) • Alkalis: Soda Na2O and

3CaO.Al2O3 Potash K2O
• Tri-calcium Silicate (C3S) • Other Oxides: MgO, Mn2O3,
3CaO.SiO2 free lime.
• Di-calcium Silicate (C2S)
2CaO.SiO2
• Tetra-calcium Alumino-
ferrite (C4AF)
4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3
Chemical Properties of MAJOR CHEMICAL Compounds

Tri-calcium Aluminate, C3A:

Liberates lot of heat during early stages of
hydration
Little strength contribution
Cement low in C3A is Sulfate resistant
Tri-calcium Silicate, C3S:
Hydrates & hardens rapidly
Largely responsible for Portland cement’s initial
set and early strength gain.
MAJOR CHEMICAL Compounds
 Di-calcium Silicate, C2S:
Hydrates and hardens slowly
Largely responsible for strength gain
after one week.
Tetra-calcium Alumino-ferrite, C4AF:
Reduces the melting temperature
(from 3,000o F to 2,600o F)
It hydrates rapidly, but does not
contribute much to strength of the
cement paste.
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