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Lecture 4

Quadratic equations can be solved by factoring, taking square roots, or using the quadratic formula. Factoring involves writing the quadratic equation as a product of two binomials and setting each factor equal to 0. Taking square roots involves isolating the squared term and taking the square root of both sides. The quadratic formula provides the solution for any quadratic equation in the form ax^2 + bx + c = 0 as x = (-b ± √(b^2 - 4ac))/2a. Examples are worked through demonstrating each method of solving quadratic equations.

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Colin Long
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29 views

Lecture 4

Quadratic equations can be solved by factoring, taking square roots, or using the quadratic formula. Factoring involves writing the quadratic equation as a product of two binomials and setting each factor equal to 0. Taking square roots involves isolating the squared term and taking the square root of both sides. The quadratic formula provides the solution for any quadratic equation in the form ax^2 + bx + c = 0 as x = (-b ± √(b^2 - 4ac))/2a. Examples are worked through demonstrating each method of solving quadratic equations.

Uploaded by

Colin Long
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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QUADRATIC

EQUATIONS
Basics
• A quadratic equation is an equation
equivalent to an equation of the type
ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a is nonzero
• We can solve a quadratic equation by
factoring and using The Principle of Zero
Products
If ab = 0, then either a = 0, b = 0, or both a
and b = 0.
Ex: Solve (4t + 1)(3t – 5) = 0
Notice the equation as given is of the form ab = 0
 set each factor equal to 0 and solve
4t + 1 = 0 Subtract 1
4t = – 1 Divide by 4
t=–¼
3t – 5 = 0 Add 5
3t = 5 Divide by 3
t = 5/3
Solution: t = - ¼ and 5/3  t = {- ¼, 5/3}
Ex: Solve x2 + 7x + 6 = 0
Quadratic equation  factor the left hand side (LHS)
x2 + 7x + 6 = (x + 6 )(x + 1 )
 x2 + 7x + 6 = (x + 6)(x + 1) = 0
Now the equation as given is of the form ab = 0
 set each factor equal to 0 and solve
x+6=0 x+1=0
x=–6 x=–1
Solution: x = - 6 and – 1  x = {-6, -1}
Ex: Solve x2 + 10x = – 25
Quadratic equation but not of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
Add 25  x2 + 10x + 25 = 0
Quadratic equation  factor the left hand side (LHS)
x2 + 10x + 25 = (x + 5 )(x + 5 )
 x2 + 10x + 25 = (x + 5)(x + 5) = 0
Now the equation as given is of the form ab = 0
 set each factor equal to 0 and solve
x+5=0 x+5=0
x=–5 x=–5
Solution: x = - 5  x = {- 5}  repeated root
Ex: Solve 12y2 – 5y = 2
Quadratic equation but not of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
Subtract 2  12y2 – 5y – 2 = 0
Quadratic equation  factor the left hand side (LHS)
ac method  a = 12 and c = – 2
ac = (12)(-2) = - 24  factors of – 24 that sum to - 5
1&-24, 2&-12, 3&-8, . . . 
 12y2 – 5y – 2 = 12y2 + 3y – 8y – 2
= 3y(4y + 1) – 2(4y + 1)
= (3y – 2)(4y + 1)
 12y2 – 5y – 2 = 0
 12y2 – 5y – 2 = (3y - 2)(4y + 1) = 0
Now the equation as given is of the form ab = 0
 set each factor equal to 0 and solve
3y – 2 = 0 4y + 1 = 0
3y = 2 4y = – 1
y = 2/3 y=–¼

Solution: y = 2/3 and – ¼  y = {2/3, - ¼ }


Ex: Solve 5x2 = 6x
Quadratic equation but not of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
Subtract 6x  5x2 – 6x = 0
Quadratic equation  factor the left hand side (LHS)
5x2 – 6x = x( 5x – 6 )
 5x2 – 6x = x(5x – 6) = 0
Now the equation as given is of the form ab = 0
 set each factor equal to 0 and solve
5x – 6 = 0
x=0
5x = 6
x = 6/5
Solution: x = 0 and 6/5  x = {0, 6/5}
Solving by taking square roots
• An alternate method of solving a quadratic
equation is using the Principle of Taking
the Square Root of Each Side of an
Equation
If x2 = a, then x = + a
Ex: Solve by taking square roots 3x2 – 36 = 0
First, isolate x2: 3x2 – 36 = 0
3x2 = 36
x2 = 12
Now take the square root of both sides:
x  12
2

x   12
x   223
x2 3
Ex: Solve by taking square roots 4(z – 3)2 = 100
First, isolate the squared factor:
4(z – 3)2 = 100
(z – 3)2 = 25
Now take the square root of both sides:
(z  3)  25
2

z  3   25
z–3=+5
z=3+5
 z = 3 + 5 = 8 and z = 3 – 5 = – 2
Ex: Solve by taking square roots 5(x + 5)2 – 75 = 0
First, isolate the squared factor:
5(x + 5)2 = 75
(x + 5)2 = 15
Now take the square root of both sides:
2
( x  5 )  15
x  5   15
x  5  15
x  5  15 , x  5  15
Completing the Square
• Recall from factoring that a Perfect-Square
Trinomial is the square of a binomial:
Perfect square Trinomial Binomial Square
x2 + 8x + 16 (x + 4)2
x2 – 6x + 9 (x – 3)2
• The square of half of the coefficient of x
equals the constant term:
( ½ * 8 )2 = 16
[½ (-6)]2 = 9
The Quadratic Formula
• Consider a quadratic equation of the form
ax2 + bx + c = 0 for a nonzero
• Completing the square
ax  bx   c
2

b c
x  x
2

a a
b b c2
b 2

x  x
2
 
a 4a a 4a 2 2
The Quadratic Formula
b b 4ac
2
b 2

x  x
2
 
a 4a 4a 2
4a 2 2

b  b  4ac
2


2

x  
 2a  4a 2

Solutions to ax2 + bx + c = 0 for a nonzero


are
 b  b  4ac
2

x
2a
Ex: Use the Quadratic Formula to solve1x2 + 7x
7 +6=0

Recall: For quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0,


the solutions to a quadratic equation are given by
 b  b 2  4ac
x
2a
Identify a, b, and c in ax2 + bx + c = 0:

a=1 b= 7 c= 6
Now evaluate the quadratic formula at the identified
values of a, b, and c
 7  7 2  4(1)(6)
x
2(1)
 7  49  24
x
2
 7  25
x
2
75
x
2

x = ( - 7 + 5)/2 = - 1 and x = (-7 – 5)/2 = - 6


x = { - 1, - 6 }
Ex: Use the Quadratic Formula to solve
22m2 + 1m – 10 = 0
Recall: For quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0,
the solutions to a quadratic equation are given by
 b  b 2  4ac
m
2a
Identify a, b, and c in am2 + bm + c = 0:

a=2 b= 1 c = - 10
Now evaluate the quadratic formula at the identified
values of a, b, and c
 1  12  4(2)(10)
m
2(2)
 1  1  80
m
4
 1  81
m
4
1 9
m
4

m = ( - 1 + 9)/4 = 2 and m = (-1 – 9)/4 = - 5/2


m = { 2, - 5/2 }
Any questions . . .

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