Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 1K views

    According To Stephen Robbins, Learning May Be Defined As Any Relatively Permanent

    Uploaded by

    Muralidhar CV
    The document discusses different theories of learning. It defines learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience. Three major theories are described: classical conditioning, in which associations are made between stimuli and responses; operant conditioning, where learning occurs through rewards and punishments for behaviors; and social learning theory, where observation and modeling of others are important for learning. Reinforcement strategies like positive and negative reinforcement, extinction, and punishment are also outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    According To Stephen Robbins, Learning May Be Defined As Any Relatively Permanent

    Uploaded by

    Muralidhar CV
    1K views19 pages
    The document discusses different theories of learning. It defines learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience. Three major theories are described: classical conditioning, in which associations are made between stimuli and responses; operant conditioning, where learning occurs through rewards and punishments for behaviors; and social learning theory, where observation and modeling of others are important for learning. Reinforcement strategies like positive and negative reinforcement, extinction, and punishment are also outlined.

    Original Description:

    theories

    Original Title

    Learning

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses different theories of learning. It defines learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience. Three major theories are described: classical conditioning, in which associations are made between stimuli and responses; operant conditioning, where learning occurs through rewards and punishments for behaviors; and social learning theory, where observation and modeling of others are important for learning. Reinforcement strategies like positive and negative reinforcement, extinction, and punishment are also outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    1K views19 pages

    According To Stephen Robbins, Learning May Be Defined As Any Relatively Permanent

    Uploaded by

    Muralidhar CV
    The document discusses different theories of learning. It defines learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience. Three major theories are described: classical conditioning, in which associations are made between stimuli and responses; operant conditioning, where learning occurs through rewards and punishments for behaviors; and social learning theory, where observation and modeling of others are important for learning. Reinforcement strategies like positive and negative reinforcement, extinction, and punishment are also outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 19

    Learning – What is it?

    According to Stephen Robbins, learning may


    be defined as any relatively permanent
    change in behavior that occurs as a result of
    experience.
    The present definition of learning has several
    components that deserve clarification.
     Learning involves change
     The change must be relatively permanent
     Learning involves change in behaviour
    Implications of the above
    definition:
    1. Acquisition of new inputs of knowledge
    2. Assimilation of new input of knowledge
    3. Integration of new inputs of knowledge
    4. Effective use of new inputs of knowledge.
    5. Learning is not decorative
    6. Creativity: Learning involves creativity
    7. Further learning: Learning increases the
    capability of a person to learn more on
    his/her own.
    THEORIES OF LEARNING
    In order to explain the complex topic like human
    learning , various researchers have approached the
    problem from various perspectives. This has given
    rise to different theories of learning. We will review
    some of the most important theories of learning
    which are:
    1. Classical Conditioning,
    2. Operant Conditioning, And
    3. Social Learning,
    Respondent or Classical Conditioning
    We make associations with stimuli
    Example: The Pavlov Dog.
    Operant or Instrumental Conditioning
    Learning is the result of the application of consequences; that
    is, learners begin to connect certain responses with certain
    stimuli.
    Examples: Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement
    Social Learning Theory:
    People are not driven by either inner forces or environmental
    stimuli in isolation; instead behaviors are learned through
    continuous interaction of personal and environmental
    determinants and all learning from direct experience occurs by
    observing other people’s behavior.
    Traditional view: Classical Conditioning
    Learning that takes place when the learner
    recognizes the connection between an
    unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus.
    Behavior is caused by the repetitive association
    between a stimulus and a response
    To understand contemporary thinking of
    learning, we first need to be aware of its historical
    roots.
    Classical conditioning is a simple form of
    learning in which conditioned response is linked
    with an unconditioned stimulus.
    2.1 Models: Pavlov’s Dog
    2. OPERANT CONDITIONING
    We will now review the operant conditioning theory
    of learning today that was offered by B. F. Skinner.
    This is also known as Reinforcement theory.
    Learning that takes place when the learner
    recognizes the connection between a behavior and
    its consequences.
    It is also called “instrumental learning”
    It is a system of learning through “rewards and
    punishments”
    This process of learning is the contribution of B F
    Skinner
    FEATURES OF OPERANT
    CONDITIONING:
    People emit responses that are rewarded and
    will not emit responses that are not neither
    rewarded nor punished
    Operant conditioning is voluntary behavior
    and is maintained and controlled by its
    consequences
    Operant conditioning assumes that people
    behavior is determined by environment and
    they learn by producing alterations in their
    environment
    • Operant conditioning is a powerful tool in
    the hands of managers to manage people
    • They can very effectively influence people
    behavior by simply manipulating reward
    system.
    • A reward system can be a reinforcer if the
    rate of response increases
    REINFORCEMENT
    STRATEGIES
    There are four reinforcement strategies:
    (a) Positive reinforcement
    (b) Negative reinforcement
    (c) Extinction reinforcement
    (d) Punishment
    (a) Positive enforcement:
    This strengthens and increases a desirable
    behavior. It is a reward
    There are two types of positive reinforcement:
    Primary: Food, water, sex, biological
    significance, rest rooms etc.,
    Secondary: Job advancement, recognition
    esteem etc.,
    The managers must select Re-enforcers that are
    sufficiently powerful depending upon
    circumstances
    SCHDULES OF REINFORCEMENT:
    Continuous
    In the continuous reinforcement, the employee
    receives a reward every time he/she performs
    a desired behavior
    Intermittent
    In the intermittent reinforcement, the employee
    receives reward on random basis.
    There are four types of intermittent
    reinforcement
    Fixed Ratio when a fixed number of responses are
    required to be emitted for obtaining the reinforcement.
    This is found to be offered as piece-rate payment system
    Variable Ratio when a varying or random number of
    responses must be emitted before reinforcement occurs.
    This is found to be implemented when the employees are
    given certain percentage on their performance as the
    incentive as ‘commission’.
    Fixed interval when the reinforcements are spaced at
    uniform intervals of time. This is found in monthly or
    weekly payment system.
    Variable interval when reinforcements are distributed
    in time so that these are unpredictable.
    Negative reinforcement: This is the removal of
    punishment or threat of punishment. Negative
    reinforcement strengthens the desirable behavior by
    removing obnoxious consequences
    Extinction reinforcement: This is an effective
    method of controlling undesirable behavior. It refers to non-
    reinforcement and is based on the assumption that if a
    response is not reinforced it will eventually disappear
    Punishment: This is a control device used to discourage
    and reduce the annoying behavior of the employees
    Two forms of punishment can be effected:
     Termination of reward
     Unpleasant consequences of a continuing
    undesirable behavior
    3. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

    Individuals learn by observing what


    happens to other people, being told about
    something, as well as by direct
    experiences.
    People use these observations to create a
    “model” in their own mind of what is
    occurring.
    Necessary components of social
    learning include

     Attentional processes.
     Retention processes.

     Motor reproduction processes.

     Reinforcement processes.

     Self-efficacy.
    Attentional processes. People learn from a model
    only when they recognize and pay attention to its
    critical features.
    Retention processes. A model’s influence will
    depend on how well the individual remembers the
    model’s action after the model is no longer readily
    available.
    Motor reproduction processes. After a person has
    seen a new behavior by observing the model, the
    watching must be converted to doing.
    Reinforcement processes. Individuals
    will be motivated to exhibit the modeled
    behavior if positive incentives or rewards
    are provided.
    Self-efficacy: a person’s belief about his or
    her ability to perform a particular
    behavior successfully.
    To encourage self-efficacy, we need to:
    1. Encourage small successes
    2. Let subordinates know that others like
    them have succeeded on especially
    challenging projects.
    3. Have high expectations

    You might also like