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Applications of Trigonometry: Chapter Six

The document discusses vectors in the plane, including defining vectors using components, operations on vectors such as addition and scalar multiplication, finding the magnitude and direction of vectors, representing vectors using unit vectors, and applications of vectors including the dot product which yields a scalar and can be used to find the angle between vectors or determine if they are orthogonal. Examples are provided to illustrate vector concepts and operations.

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67 views25 pages

Applications of Trigonometry: Chapter Six

The document discusses vectors in the plane, including defining vectors using components, operations on vectors such as addition and scalar multiplication, finding the magnitude and direction of vectors, representing vectors using unit vectors, and applications of vectors including the dot product which yields a scalar and can be used to find the angle between vectors or determine if they are orthogonal. Examples are provided to illustrate vector concepts and operations.

Uploaded by

Pascal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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APPLICATIONS OF

TRIGONOMETRY
CHAPTER SIX
VECTORS IN THE PLANE

SECTION 6.1
MAGNITUDE & DIRECTION
• Temperature • Force
• Height • Velocity
• Area • Acceleration
• Volume
• MAGNITUDE AND
• SINGLE REAL NUMBER DIRECTION
INDICATING SIZE
NEED TWO NUMBERS
<a,b>
Position Vector of (a,b)

Length represents magnitude, and the direction in which it


points represents direction
Two-Dimensional Vector
A two-dimensional vector v is an ordered pair
of real numbers denoted in component form as
<a,b>. The numbers a and b are the
components of vector v.

The standard representation of the vector is the


arrow from the origin to the point (a,b).

The magnitude of v is the length of the arrow


and the direction of v is the direction in which
the arrow is pointing.

The vector 0 is called the zero vector – zero


length and no direction
Any two arrows with the same length and pointing in the same
direction represent the same vector.

Equivalent vectors
Head Minus Tail Rule for Vectors
If an arrow has initial point (x1,y1) and terminal point (x2,y2), it
represents the vector
<x2-x1, y2-y1>

Example 1
1. An arrow has initial point (2,3) and terminal point (7,5).
What vector does it represent?
2. An arrow has initial point (3,5) and represents the vector
<-3, 6>. What is the terminal point?
3. If P is the point (4,-3) and PQ represents <2, -4>, find Q.
4. If Q is the point (4,-3) and PQ represents <2,-4>, find P.
Magnitude of a Vector, v
2 2
¿  𝑣 ∨¿ √ ∆ 𝑥 + ∆ 𝑦

 If v = <a,b>, then |v|=

 Example2 Find the magnitude of the vector v


represented by , where P = (-2, 3) and Q = (-7,4).
Vector Operations
 • When we work with vectors and numbers at the same time we
refer to the numbers as scalars.

• The two most common and basic operations are vector


addition and scalar multiplication.

• Vector Addition
• Let u = < and v = <, the sum (or resultant) of the vectors is
u + v = <>
• The product of the scalar k and the vector u is
ku = k < = <
Vector Operation Examples
Example 3: Let u = <-2,5> and v = <5,3>. Find the
component form of the following vectors:
a. u + v b. 4u c. 3u + (-1)v
Unit Vector
 A vector u with length |u|=1.

u=

Example 4: Find a unit vector in the direction of v = <-


4,6> and verify it has a length of 1.
Standard Unit Vectors
i = <1,0> j = <0,1>

Any vector v can be written as an expression in terms of the


standard unit vectors.

v = <a,b>
= <a,0> + <0,b>
= a <1,0> + b <0,1>
= ai + bj

The scalars a and b are the horizontal and vertical


components of the vector v.
Direction Angles
Using trigonometry we can resolve the vector.

Find the direction angle. That is, the angle that v makes
with the x-axis.

Vertical & Horizontal component

If v has direction angle θ, the components of v can be


computed using the formula

v = <|v|cosθ, |v|sinθ >


Ex. 5: Find Components of a Vector
Find the components of a vector v with direction angle 135
degrees and magnitude 10.

Ex. 6: Find Direction Angle of Vector


Find the magnitude and direction angle of each vector:

(a) u = <-4,6> (b) v = <5,7>


HOMEWORK: p. 464: 3-27 multiples of 3,
29, 34, 37, 42, 43, 49

p. 472: 1-19 odd, 21-24


Dot Product of Vectors

SECTION 6.2
Vector Multiplication
Cross Product Dot Product
• Results in a vector • Results in a scalar
perpendicular to the plane • Also known as the “inner
of the two vectors being product”
multiplied
• Takes us into a third
dimension
• Outside the scope of this
course
Dot Product
 The dot product or inner product of u = < and v = <
u·v=

 
Example: Find each dot product.
a. <4,5 ·<2, 3> b. <-1,3 ·<2i, 3j>
Properties of the Dot Product
 Let u, v, and w be vectors and let c be a scalar.

1. u · v = v · u

2. u · u =

3. 0 · u = 0

4. u · (v + w) = u · v + u · w

5. (cu) · v = u · (cv) = c(u · v)


Angle Between Two Vectors
 
If θ is the angle between the nonzero vectors
u and v, then

cos θ =

and θ = )
Example: Finding the Angle Between Two
Vectors
Use an algebraic method to find the angle between the vectors u and v.

a. u = <4, 1>, v = <-3, 2>

b. u = <3, 5>, v = <-2, -4>


Orthogonal Vectors
The vectors u and v are orthogonal if and only if u · v = 0.

Note: Orthogonal means basically the same thing as


perpendicular.

Example: Prove that the vectors u = <3, 6> and v = <-12, 6> are orthogonal
Projection of a Vector
 If u and v are nonzero vectors, the projection of u onto v is

)v

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