Scribd
Upload
47 views24 pages

Lec 4

This document provides an overview of analog and digital transmission, as well as the processes of analog to digital and digital to analog conversion. It discusses system models, analog transmission via amplitude modulation, digital transmission of data via binary encoding, and pulse code modulation for digitizing analog signals. It also describes sampling rates, quantization error, and the factors that affect quality in analog to digital conversion such as sample rate and number of bits. Finally, it discusses digital to analog conversion and reconstructing the analog signal from digital samples.

Uploaded by

بشير عماد كاظم
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
47 views24 pages

Lec 4

This document provides an overview of analog and digital transmission, as well as the processes of analog to digital and digital to analog conversion. It discusses system models, analog transmission via amplitude modulation, digital transmission of data via binary encoding, and pulse code modulation for digitizing analog signals. It also describes sampling rates, quantization error, and the factors that affect quality in analog to digital conversion such as sample rate and number of bits. Finally, it discusses digital to analog conversion and reconstructing the analog signal from digital samples.

Uploaded by

بشير عماد كاظم
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

T IC

OP
E R
IB
F F I)
O ( I
S
E IO N
L
P I SS
I
C M
N
I S
R
P AN
TR
In this lecture
• System Model
• Analog transmission
• Digital transmission
• Analog Data Transmission vs. Digital Data
Transmission
• Analog to Digital (A/D) Conversion
• Digital to Analog (D/A) Conversion
• Pulse code modulation (PCM)
SYSTEM MODEL
 The transmitter (includes modulation) consists of a set of
DFB (distributed-feedback) lasers, one for each
wavelength.
 The signals at the different wavelengths are combined into
a single fiber by means of an optical multiplexer.
 An optical power amplifier may be used to increase the
transmission power.
 After some distance along the fiber, the
signal is amplified by an optical in-line
amplifier.
 At the receiving end, the signal may be
amplified by an optical preamplifier before
it is passed through a demultiplexer.
 Each wavelength is then received by a
separate photodetector (A photodetector is
an optoelectronic device that absorbs
optical signals and converts them into
electrical signals)
ASSIGNMENT (3)

Write a small report about Decibels (dB)


Page 26 book (Fiber Optics Installer and
Technician Guide)
ANALOG TRANSMISSION

 Amplitude modulation is a form of analog


transmission.
 Analog transmission is a transmission method of
conveying voice, data, image, signal or video
information using a continuous signal which varies in
Amplitude, Phase, or Frequency.

In telecommunications, modulation is the process


of conveying a message signal, for example a digital
bit stream or an analog audio signal, inside another
signal that can be physically transmitted
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
 If information is to be stored, carried, or manipulated by computers, however, it must
be in a digital form—that is, represented by a series of on-off or high-low voltage
readings.
 Because only two states—or digits—are used, the numbering system is referred to
as binary
 Data that is transmitted via digital transmission may be digital messages
that have origins for a data source (a computer for example). However, this
transmitted data may also be from an analog signal (a phone call or a video
signal, for example). It may then be digitized into a bit stream using pulse
code modulation (or PCM)
QUESTION2 OF THIS WEEK

Are there cable transmitting


digital signal and others
transmitting analog signal?
.PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM)
 When an analog signal has been digitally encoded,
transmitted, and reconstructed at the receiving end as an
analog signal, a process known as pulse code modulation
(PCM).
 Pulse code modulation is the most common method of
digitizing data for transmission.
 Data transmission using PCM is serial, which means that the
binary words are sent one after another in the order they were
generated.
 The circuitry that converts the data also sends a timing, or
clock, signal so the receiver can synchronize itself with the
data that is being transmitted and reconstruct it accurately.
Analog Data Transmission
vs. Digital Data Transmission
 A digital signal is superior to an analog signal
because it is more robust to noise and can easily
be recovered, corrected and amplified.
 For this reason, the tendency today is to change
an analog signal to digital data.

10.4
Analog to Digital (A/D)
Conversion
 In A/D conversion, the smooth, continuously variable
analog signal is translated into a digital signal that carries the
same information.

 There are two factors that affect the quality of the


digital sample: sample rate and quantizing error:

o Sample Rate
o Quantization Error
Analog to Digital (A/D)
Conversion
 Sample Rate
 When an analog signal is Digitized , any information between the samples is
lost so instead of a smooth transition over time, the digital information
jumps from one voltage to the next in the signal.

 To smooth out the transitions


and retain more of the
information from the original
analog signal, more samples
Must be taken over time.
 The higher the sampling rate,
the more accurately the
original analog signal can be
digitized.

 Sampling rate = 1/T  


where T is the time interval
Continue
 As with frequency measurements, the sample rate is
measured in terms of cycles, or hertz.

 A rate of one sample per second would be designated 1


Hz.
 A rate of 1000 samples per second would be 1 kilohertz,
or 1 kHz.

Typically, audio signals for CDs and other


digital music are sampled at 44.1 kHz or 48
kHz.
NYQUIST THEROM

 In order for pulse code modulation to be effective, an analog


signal must be sampled at a rate that is at least twice the
highest expected frequency, this is called Nyquist Therom.
 For example, in a telephone conversation, the highest
frequency encountered is about 4 kHz.

 That means sampling must take place at the Nyquist


Minimum of 8 kHz to maintain a basic signal quality
Example
 Consider for example a signal composed of a
single sinewave at a frequency of 1Hz:

 Sampling with frequency 2Hz we have:


Example
 It is easy to see that this sampling frequency (3 Hz)
allows us to capture each peak and trough of the curve.
 A higher sampling ratio will give us more details
about the curve :
Example
 Sampling at a lower frequency (1.5 Hz) gives the following
result:

 The person receiving these samples, without any previous


knowledge of the original signal, may well be mislead in to
thinking that the signal has quite a different form
• The discretization of Time is
Continue called sampling and the
discretization of  Amplitude is
called quantization
 Quantization
 Quantization is the conversion of a sampled signal,
which is discrete in time but continuous in value,
into a signal which is discrete in value.

 Quantization makes a
sampled signal truly
digital and ready for
processing by a
computer.
CONTINUE
• The quantizer can not search over an infinite number of possibilities and
must restrict itself to a limited set of potential values.
• So essentially the analog-to-digital conversion is a combination of
sampling and quantization

The size of this set corresponds to the range of


the quantizer and is always a power of 2
Since the value is necessarily contained in the
complete set of 2N potential values
 Only N bits are required to represent all the
binary encoded numbers that can be generated by
the quantizer.
CONTINUE
 ADCs are often referred to as N-bit ADCs, where
N represents the number of bits used by the ADC
to encode its digitized values.
 The quantization and encoding process cannot be
infinitely accurate and can only provide an
approximation of the real values present the
ADC’s analog input.
 The higher the resolution of the quantizer, the
closer this approximation will be to the actual
value of the signal
WHAT IS QUANTIZATION ERRORS ?

 The conversion process will


always introduce systematic
quantization errors.

 for example, a 4-bit number can


represent 16 voltage levels—from
0 to 15.

 So, the maximum error =voltage


range / the number of
increments = 15/(2^4-1)=1

• Increase the number of bits to eight,


• The maximum error will be= 15/(2^8-1)=0.05
DIGITAL TO ANALOG (D/A) CONVERSION

 When digital data is converted to analog, two processes take place


 Digital-to-Analog converter converts each sequential binary sample to a
proportional voltage.
 The steps between each digital sample must be smoothed out to provide a
transition from one voltage to another

 When reconstructing an encoded analog signal, the


higher the sampling rate and the greater the number
of bits in each sample, the more accurate the analog
reconstruction can be.
ASSIGNMENT 4

Write code to sample and


quantize analog signal
REFERENCES (LECTURES 3&4)

1-Fiber Optics Installer and Technician


Guide
2- Optical Networks A Practical Perspective

You might also like