PAKISTAN MOVEMENT

Indian Council Act ,1861

According to this act:
• Governor general could assign special tasks to any
member of the Executive Council.
• Important matters were to be discussed with the
Governor General. Some important subjects were
kept directly under the Viceroy ,e.g., Foreign
department.
• Membership of the Council was raised :6 to 12.Half of
them were to be non-official, nominated for two years.
• The Council had limited legislative powers.
In Madras and Bombay Councils approval of the
Governer General (GG) and Governor was needed
 The Act Of 1892
• Size of Legislative Council increased.
• In Central legislative Council the
membership was increased 10 to 16
members.At provincial level
representation was increased. In
Madras & Bombay 8 -12,Bengal 12- 20.
• Limited powers were given to the
legislatures. Question could be asked.
• Nominal election through special
interests.GG and the British govt. made
these appointments.
• Powers of the councils were increased.
Now budget could be discussed.
Member were allowed to present
resolution and put questions.
• Executive Councils were formed for
Bombay, Madras & Bengal and Lt
Governor Provinces.
• Elections were to be held by District
Boards, Municipal Committees ,
Zamindars and Chambers of Commerce.
• Separate Electorate was accepted for
minorities.
 Indian National Congress
1885
Indian National congress was formed to Provide
a forum in which Indian Politician should meet
yearly and point out to the government in what
respect the administration was defective and
how it could be improved.
Objectives
 To develop harmony amongst all Indians.
 To improve understanding and friendship
between ruler and ruled
 Partition of Bengal - 1905
 West Bengal 54 million

 Hindus 42 “
 Muslims 12 “

 East Bengal 31 “

 Hindus 12 “
 Muslim 18 “
 Simla Deputation – 1906
 Separate Electorate
 Allocation of more seats in legislature.
 Full representation in services and
councils.
 Seats for judges in courts for Muslim’s
and quota in Govt services.
 Aid for establishment of Muslim
University.
 Muslim League Objective
All India Muslim League was established for
the furtherance of following objectives:-

 To promote among the Muslims of India

feelings of loyalty to the British
Government and to remove any
misconception that may arise as to the
intention of the government with
regard to any of the measures.
 Muslim League Objective
 To protect and advance the political
rights and interests of the Muslims of
India and to respectfully represent
their needs and aspirations to the
Government.
 To prevent the rise among the Muslims of
India of any feelings of hostility towards
other communities without prejudice to
other aforementioned objects of the
League.
Minto-Morley Reforms – 1909
 Imperial and provincial legislative councils were
enlarged.
 The Executive councils of Bengal, Madras and
Bombay were strengthened by the addition of two
members in each bringing the total to four.
 The members of both the central and provincial
legislatures were given the right of discussion and asking
supplementary questions.
 Greater facilities were provided to the legislative
members to discuss the budget.
 Provision were made for the discussion of matters of
general public interest.
 Right of separate electorate was granted to the
Muslims of India, thus acknowledging separate status for
them.
Government Of India Act,1909

Minto-Marley Reforms
This act provided:
• Expansion of Legislative Councils
Central: Additional members up to 60
but official majority remained there.
• Provincial: Size varied in difference
provinces .Bombay, Madras, Bengal,
UP:50 Non official majority. Not all the
members were elected.
 Lucknow Pact – 1916
Salient features were:-
 The concept of separate electorate was
conceded.
 The Muslims would have separate
electorate in their majority provinces
where they were not so far introduced.
 The Muslims would give up the right to
vote and contest in the general
constituency.
 Lucknow Pact – 1916
 The Muslim weightage in the provinces as
noted below should be increased. The
share would be Punjab – 50%, U.P.
30%, C.P. 15%, Bombay 35%, Bengal
40%, Bihar 25%, Madras 15%.
 No bill affecting a particular community
should be proceeded within any council,
if three-fourths of the representatives
of that community opposed it.
 The Montague-Chelmsford Reforms – 1919

 National Parliament with two Houses-Council of

State and Legislative Assembly.

 The Legislative Assembly would have 144

members of whom 103 would be elected.

 The two houses would pass laws and talk about

the budget.

 The Viceroy-appointed by the British Governments-

could veto (block) any decision and bring in any law
he thought necessary.
 Provincial Legislative Councils: the majority of
members to be elected.
 About 5.5 million wealthy Indians out of
250 million allowed to vote.
 Separate electorates for Hindus and
Muslims.
 A commission to meet after ten year to
decide whether India was ready for
further concession.
 Dyarchy : a system by which some powers were
reserved and controlled by the Governor of the
Provinces appointed by the Viceroy; other
powers were transferred to the Provincial
Legislative Councils.
The Montague-Chelmsford Reforms –
1919
Transferred powers Reserved powers under
under the control of the control of Viceroy
Indian Ministers & Executive Councils

 Law and Order.

 Education.  Finance & Tex.
 Health Service.  Judges & Courts.
 Agriculture.  General
 Local government. administration and
 Public works. civil service.
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
 Introduction
Khilafat movement was a religio-
Political movement launched by the Muslims
of British India for the retention of the
Ottoman Khalifa and for not handing over
the control of Muslim holy places to Non
Muslims.
 Goals
 Ottoman Khilafat should be kept
intact.
 Territorial solidarity of Turkey be
preserved.
 Control of Holy Places should not be
given to Non Muslims.
 Protests in India
 No participation in victory
celebrations.
 Boycott of British goods.
 Non cooperation with the
government in collaboration with the
Congress.
 Non Cooperation
 Return titles.
 Boycott of courts and educational
institutions.
 Resign from jobs.
 Later resign from Police and Military
job.
 Refusal to pay taxes.
 Effects of Movement
• The Khilafat Movement united the muslims
against Britain in support of the Caliph in
Turkey.
• There was Hindu-Muslim unity in support of
Khilafat & non-cooperation movements.
• Non-cooperation led to non-violent protests
all over the India.
• Some protests became violent and Hindu-
Muslim riots occurred.
• The Caliphate in Turkey was abolished.
• Hindu-Muslim unity came to end.
• Muslim conviction were strengthened.
Delhi Proposals – March 1927
 Sind should be separated from Bombay
and made a separate province.
 Similar reforms, as have been introduced
in other provinces be introduced in
NWFP and Baluchistan.
 On these conditions the Muslims are
prepared to accept joint electorate in all the
provinces so constituted whereas they also
agree to give similar concessions and
privileges to the minorities in Sind,
Baluchistan and NWFP as are agreed
to be granted to the minorities in the
Hindu provinces.
Delhi Proposals – March 1927
 In the Punjab and Bengal
representation should be based on
population.
 In the Central Legislative Assembly
the Muslims should have one third
representation through joint
electorate.
 Nehru Report – August 1928
 Dominion status for India.
 Parliamentary form of Government to be introduced.
 No separate electorate and weightage for minorities.
 No Reservation of seats for Muslim except at the
centre and in the province where they were in minority.
 One-fourth representation of Muslims in the central
legislature.
 NWFP should be given full provincial status.
 Sind may be separated from Bombay and given
status of province, after studying financial feasibility.
 Unitary form of government to be established in the
centre.
 Hindi should be official language.
 The central government would comprise of a Prime
Minister alongwith six ministers appointed by Viceroy.
 Jinnah’s Fourteen Points –
March 1929
 Any future constitution should be federal,
with power resting with the provinces.
 All provinces should have the same
amount of autonomy.
 All legislatures and local bodies should
be constituted with adequate
representation of minorities.
 Muslims should have one-third of the
seats in the Central Assembly.
 Election should be by separate
electorates.
 Jinnah’s Fourteen Points –
March 1929
 Any territorial changes should not affect the
Muslim majority in Bengal, the Punjab and
the NWFP.
 Full liberty of belief and worship shall be
granted to all communities.
 No Bill shall be passed in any elected body if
¾ of any community in that body opposed it.
 Sindh shall be separated from Bombay.
 There should be reforms in the NWFP and
Balochistan to put them on the same footing
as other provinces.
 Jinnah’s Fourteen Points –
March 1929
 Muslims should have an adequate share
in the services of the state.
 Muslim culture, education, language,
religion and charities should be protected
by the constitution.
 All Cabinets (at central or local level)
should have at least 1/3 Muslim
representation.
 The federation of India must not change
laws without the consent of the
provinces.
Allama Iqbal Address - 1930
“I am fully convinced that the Muslims of India will
ultimately have to establish a separate homeland
as they cannot live with Hindus in the United
India.” He further said, “The units of Indian society
are not territorial as in European countries. India
is a continent of human groups belonging to
different races, speaking different languages and
professing different religions --------- The principle
of European democracy cannot be applied to India
without recognizing the fact of communal groups.
The Muslims’ demand for the creation of a Muslim
India within India is, therefore perfectly justified.”
Allama Iqbal Address - 1930
He added, “I would like to see the Punjab, North-
West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan
amalgamated into a single state. Self-
government within the British empire or without
the British empire the formation of a
consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state
appears to me to be the final destiny of the
Muslims, at least of North-West India.”
 The Round Table Conferences
 The First Round Table Conference November
1930.
Attendant
Muslim League, The Liberals and
Representative of the Princely States.
 The Second Round Table Conference
September 1931.
 The Third Round Table Conference
November 1932.
 Government of India Act – 1935
 Responsible form of Government was
introduced in the provinces of India.
 ‘Dyarchy’ was scrapped in the provinces
and introduced in the centre.
 The subjects were distributed by drawing
three lists: federal list, provincial list and
concurrent list.
 The provincial legislature were given powers
of legislation on provincial and concurrent
lists.
 The federation was consisted of eleven
provinces.
 Government of India Act – 1935
 Every province was given a council of
ministers, whose advice was binding on the
Governor.
 Special powers were given to the governors
for the protection of the rights of the
minorities.
 Union Executive was consisted of the
Governor-General and a council of ministers.
The ministers were the members of legislature
and appointed by the Governor General.
 The Governor General was appointed for a
period of five years. He was responsible to the
crown only.
 Government of India Act – 1935
 The Act provided Federal Court
with Jurisdiction over the states
and the provinces as well.
 Sind was separated from
Bombay.
 The NWFP was raised to the
status of a full-fledged province.
 Burma was separated from India.
 Provincial Election - 1937

 Total Seats 1585.

 Congress won 716.
 Muslim League won 109
out of 485 Muslim seats.
 Congress Rule
Few high-handedness of Congress
ministries are appended below:-
 The Muslims were forbidden to eat beef.
 Every effort was made to humiliate Islam.
 A systematic policy was framed to erase
the Muslim Culture.
 Hindi was enforced as official language.
 Azan was forbidden and mosques were
attacked.
 Noisy procession were organized in front
of mosques at prayer time.
 Congress Rule
 Pigs were pushed into mosques.
 Hindu-Muslim riots were maneuvered in various
places to make a pretext for sever action against
Muslims.
 Bande Matram was adopted as national anthem.
 Wardha Scheme and Widdia Mander schemes
sought to isolate the young generation of the Muslims
from their religion, culture and civilization.
 Congress after taking over the powers ordered
the hoisting of tri-coloured flag of Congress with
the British Union Jack.
 The Congress started a Muslim mass contact
campaign with a view to crush the popularity of Muslim
League.
 Pakistan Resolution
It is the considered view of this session of the All-
India Muslim League that no constitutional plan
would be workable in this country or acceptable to
the Muslims unless it is designed on the following
basic principles. That geographically contiguous
units are demarcated into regions which should be
so constituted, with such territorial re-adjustments
as may be necessary, that the areas in which the
Muslims are numerically in a majority as in the
North-Western and Eastern zones of India should
be grouped to constitute ‘Independent States’ in
which the constituent units shall be autonomous
and sovereign.
 Pakistan Resolution
“That adequate and mandatory safeguards should
be specifically provided in the constitution for
minorities in these units and in the region for the
protection of their religious, cultural, economic,
political, administrative and other rights of interests
in consultation with them and in other parts of India
where the mandatory safeguards shall be
specifically provided in the constitution for them and
other minorities for the protection of their religious,
cultural, economic, political, administrative and
other rights and interests in consultation with
them.”
 Cripps Mission - 1942

During the Second World War Sir Stafford

Cripps came to India with certain constitutional
proposals approved by the British Govt. The
major proposals of the mission are appended
below:-
 Creation of a new Indian Dominion,
associated with the UK.
 Establishment of a constituent making
body just after the end of war.
 Cripps Mission - 1942
 Reaction to the Proposals
o The all India Muslim League rejected
these proposals as no separate
homeland for the Indian Muslims was
mentioned.
o Congress rejected the plan because
it demanded from the British to quit India
first and them the constitutional
settlement would follow.
 Wavell Plan – June 1945
In June 1945 the Indian Viceroy Lord Viscount
Wavell held conference at Simla and proposed
following proposals to Congress and Muslim leaders:-
 An Interim Central Govt in which all portfolios
except that of War would be given to the Indians.
 There was to be a parity of representation
between the Muslims and Caste Hindus. There was
a dead lock over the Muslim Leagues demand that
all five members of the Executive Council should be
the nominees of Muslim Leagus.
 Muslim Population
Provinces Status Muslim Hindus Including others
(per cent) (per cent)
N.W.F.P Majority 91.8 9.2
SIND “ 70.7 29.3
PUNJAB “ 57.5 42.5
U.P Minority 15.3 84.7

BIHAR & “ 10.8 89.2

ORRISA
C.P “ 4.7 95.3
BENGAL Majority 54.7 45.3

BOMBAY Minority 9.2 80.8

MADRAS “ 7.9 92.1
ASSAM “ 33.7 66.3
Result of the Election to the Central Legislative Assembly
December 1945

 Congress 57 seats.
 Muslim League 30 seats.
 Europeans 8 seats.
 Independents 5 seats.
 Akali Sikhs 2 seats.
 Provincial Election Result
Muslim League 446/495 Muslims seats.
 Strength of the Muslim League in Provincial
Assemblies in the Election Held in 1946
Provinces Total Muslim Seats Muslim League
N.W.F.P 50 36 17
SIND 60 34 28
PUNJAB 175 86 79

U.P 228 65 54
BIHAR & 175 40 34
ORRISA
BENGAL 60 4 4
C.P 250 119 113

BOMBAY 112 14 13
MADRAS 125 30 30
ASSAM 215 49 49
 Cabinet Mission Plan - 1946
Salient features of Cabinet Mission Plan were as
under:-
 There would be a Union of India, comprising
British India and the Indian states, which should
control Foreign affairs, Defence and
Communication.
 The Union would have an Executive and
Legislature.
 All residuary powers would belong to the
provinces.
 Provinces would be free to form groups with
executives and legislatures.
 Cabinet Mission Plan - 1946
 There should be three groups of provinces:-
 Group A. Madras; Bombay, UP, Bihar, CP and
Orissa.
 Group B. Punjab, NWFP, Sindh and
Balochistan.
 Group C. Bengal and Assam.
 The Mission announced to frame an “Interim
Govt” comprising representative from both
congress and Muslim League.
 Partition Plan 3 June, 1947 rd

The main characters of plan were:-

 The legislatures of Punjab and Bengal shall decide
whether the provinces should be divided or not.
 States should be free and independent to join
one or the other country.
 A boundary commission shall be setup which
will demarcate the boundaries of the countries.
 Both countries shall have their own Governor
Generals who will be the executive head of their
respective countries.
 Military assets shall be divided amongst two
countries after partition.
Indian Independence Act 1947
On 14 July 1947, the Indian Independence
bill was moved in the British Parliament which
became an act on 18 July 1947. According to
this act:-
 India was to be divided into two sovereign
states of Pakistan and India and the British
control over India would come to an end on
15th August 1947.
 The princely states were given the option
to join one or the other country.
 The act of 1935 was to remain in force
until both countries draft their own
constitutions.