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Topic 6 Linear Equations and Matrix Algebra

This document provides an overview of topics related to solving systems of linear equations and matrix algebra. It defines key terms like linear equations, systems of linear equations, and matrices. It describes five methods for solving systems of linear equations: graphing, substitution, elimination, Gauss elimination, and Gauss-Jordan elimination. It also outlines common matrix operations like addition, subtraction, and multiplication. The document concludes with examples and practice problems related to solving systems and performing matrix operations.

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Mae X
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206 views40 pages

Topic 6 Linear Equations and Matrix Algebra

This document provides an overview of topics related to solving systems of linear equations and matrix algebra. It defines key terms like linear equations, systems of linear equations, and matrices. It describes five methods for solving systems of linear equations: graphing, substitution, elimination, Gauss elimination, and Gauss-Jordan elimination. It also outlines common matrix operations like addition, subtraction, and multiplication. The document concludes with examples and practice problems related to solving systems and performing matrix operations.

Uploaded by

Mae X
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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KT 14503

Mathematics for Computing


Topic 6
Linear Equations and Matrix I
Topic 7
Matrix Algebra
Learning Objectives
Upon completing this module, you should be able to :

1. Represent a system of linear equations as an augmented matrix.


2. Identify whether the matrix is in row-echelon form, reduced row-echelon form,
both, or neither.
3. Solve systems of linear equations by using the Gaussian elimination and Gauss-
Jordan elimination methods.
4. Perform matrix operations of addition,subtraction, multiplication, and
multiplication by a scalar
5. Find the transpose and the trace of a matrix.
Contents
• There are three major topics in this module:
Introduction to Systems of Linear Equations
How to solve System of Linear Equations ?
Method 1 : Solving with Graphing
Method 2 : Solving by Substitution
Method 3 : Solving with Elimination (Addition)
Method 4 : Solving with Gauss Elimination
Method 5 : Solving with Gauss-Jordan Elimination Matrix

Matrices
Operations Type of Matrices Augmented Matrix Row  Echelon Form (REF)
Reduced Row  Echelon Form (RREF)
System of Linear Equations

Definition of Linear Equation


Algebraic equation in which each term is either a
constant or the product of a constant and (the first
power of) a single variable (however, different
variables may occur in different terms).

 ax + b = 0 ax + by = k ax + by + cz + d = 0
a and b are constants ax + by – k = 0 a , b, c and d are constants
a ≠ 0 a ≠ 0, c ≠ 0 and c ≠ 0
x is a variable a, b and k are constants x, y and z a variable
a ≠ 0 and b ≠ 0
x and y a variable
System of Linear Equations

Definition of System of Linear Equations


A set or collection of equations ( 2 or more linear
equations) because they involve solving more
than one linear equation at once.

A system of linear equations can have either :


• Exactly ONE solution (unique),
• NO solution, or
• INFINITELY many solutions.
System of Linear Equations

A system of linear equations can have either :


• Exactly ONE solution (unique),
• NO solution, or
• INFINITELY many solutions.

How to solve System of Linear Equations ?


Method 1 : Solving with Graphing
Method 2 : Solving by Substitution
Method 3 : Solving with Elimination (Addition)
Method 4 : Solving with Gauss Elimination Covered in
Week 8
Method 5 : Solving with Gauss-Jordan Elimination
Method 1 : Solving with Graphing

Example: Determine whether the given system of


equations has a solution or not .
y = 3x – 2
y = –x – 6
Method 1 : Solving with Graphing

Possible Graphs of A Systems of Two Linear Equations in Two variables


1. Consistent system, 2. Inconsistent system:
Independent no solution and no
Equations, intersection point
one solution

3.Consistent System,
Dependent Equation,
Infinitely Many
Solutions
Method 1 : Solving with Graphing

Problem of Solving with Graphing Method

Lines cross at a shallow angle (–4.3, –0.95)?


Method 2 : Solving by Substitution

• Solve one of the equations for one of the variables, and plug
this into the other equation
Example 1 : Solve the following system by substitution.
2x – 3y = –2
4x +   y = 24
Step 1 : Solve the simplest equation.
4x + y = 24
4x +   y = 24 => y = –4x + 24
Step 2 : Plug this in ("substitute it") for "y" in the first equation, and solve for x and y
2x – 3y = –2
2x – 3(–4x + 24) = –2 y = –4x + 24 4x + (–4x + 24) = 24
2x + 12x – 72 = –2 y = –4(5) + 24 4x – 4x + 24 = 24
14x = 70 y  = –20 + 24 24 = 24 (recheck
x = 5  y  = 4 solutions)
Then the solution is (x, y) = (5, 4).
Method 2 : Solving by Substitution

Example 2 : Solve the following system by substitution.


7x + 2y = 16
–21x – 6y = 24
Step 1 : Solve the simplest equation.
7x + 2y = 16
2y = –7x + 16 => y = –( 7/2 )x + 8

Step 2 : Plug this in ("substitute it") for "y" in the first equation, and solve for x and y
–21x – 6y = 24
–21x – 6(–( 7/2 )x + 8) = 24
–21x + 21x – 48 = 24
–48 = 24 solution: no solution (inconsistent system)
????
Method 3 : Solving by Elimination

• Solving systems of linear equations uses the addition


property of equality.
Example 1 : Solve the following system by using elimination
method.
2x + y = 9
3x – y = 16
Step 1 : Pick & eliminate the easiest eliminated variable .
2x + y = 9
3x – y = 16

Step 2 : How to eliminate selected variable ? 2x + y = 9


2x + y = 9 2(5) + y = 9
+ 3x – y = 16 => use addition   10 + y = 9
5x = 25           y = –1
x =5
Then the solution is (x, y) = (5, –1).
Method 3 : Solving by Elimination

Example 2 : Solve the following system by using Elimination Method


x – 2y = –9
x + 3y = 16
Step 1 : Pick & eliminate the easiest eliminated variable .
x – 2y = –9
x + 3y = 16

Step 2 : How to eliminate selected variable ?


x – 2y = –9
=> use subtraction x – 2y = –9
– x + 3y = 16
x – 2(5) = –9
- 5y = - 25
x – 10 = –9
y=5
x = 1

Then the solution is (x, y) = (1, 5).


Method 3 : Solving by Elimination

Example 3 : Solve the following system by using Elimination Method.


2x –   y =     9
3x + 4y = –14
Step 1 : Pick & eliminate the easiest eliminated variable
R1 2x –   y =     9 4R1 8x  –  4y =  36
R2 3x + 4y = –14 3x  + 4y = –14

Step 2 : How to eliminate selected variable ?


8x  –  4y =  36 2x  –  y =     9
=> use addition
+ 3x  + 4y = –14 2(2) – y = 9
11x = 22 4 – y = 9
x = 2 –y = 5
y = –5 The solution is (x, y) = (2, –5).
Practice 1

Practice 1 :
Use elimination to solve each system of equations, if possible. Identify
the system as consistent or inconsistent. If the system is consistent, state
whether the equations are dependent or independent. Support
your results graphically.

a) 3x - y = 7 b) 5x - y = 8 c) x - y = 5
5x + y = 9 -5x + y = -8 x-y=-2
Practice 1

a) 3x - y = 7
5x + y = 9

3x – y = 7 3x – y = 7
+ 5x + y = 9 => use addition 3(2) – y = 7
8x = 16 6–y=7
x =2 y=–1
Practice 1

b) 5x- y = 8
-5x + y = -8

5x – y = 8
+ -5x + y = -8 => use addition
0x = 0
0 =0
Practice 1

b) x – y = 5
x – y = -2

x–y=5
– x – y = -2 => use subtraction
0 =7
System of Linear Equations

A system of linear equations can have either :


• Exactly ONE solution (unique),
• NO solution, or
• INFINITELY many solutions.

How to solve System of Linear Equations ?

Method 4 : Solving with Gauss Elimination Matrix


Method 5 : Solving with Gauss-Jordan
Elimination
Recall Matrix
• Definition of Matrices
An m-by-n matrix is a rectangular array of numbers
that has m rows and n columns:
 a11 , , a1n 
 
 a21 , , a2 n 
A    Aij

 
 a , , a 
 m1 mn 
Matrix Algebra

• Matrix Operations:
Addition and Subtraction
Multiplication
Transposition
Inversion Covered in week 8
Matrix Algebra
• Sum of Matrices / Addition and Subtraction

TO DO ADDITION OR SUBTRACTION, THE DIMENSION OF THE MATRIX HAS TO BE THE SAME


Matrix Algebra
• Sum of Matrices : Example

1  2 2  3 0 4 
A  B 
0  1 3   2 1  4 

 2  2 6 
A B   
2 0  1
Matrix Algebra

• Sum of Matrices Properties


Commutative
A B  B  A
Associative

A  ( B  C )  ( A  B)  C
Matrix Algebra
• Scalar Multiplication :
Matrix Algebra
Scalar Multiplication : Example
1  2 2
A 
 0  1 3  3A ??

 31 3  2 3 2   3  6 6
3A     
3 0 3  1 3 3  0  3 9
Matrix Algebra
Scalar Multiplication
• Properties:

k  hA    kh  A
 k  h  A  kA  hA
k  A  B   kA  kB
Matrix Algebra

Practice 2 :

a) A+B b) A–B c) 2C d) 3D
e) 2C+3D f) A + D
Matrix Algebra
• Practice 2 Answer :
Matrix Algebra
• Properties of Linear Algebra
Matrix Algebra
• Dot Product
Matrix Algebra
• Matrix Multiplication

2x3 3x4 2x4


Matrix Algebra
• Example Matrix Multiplication

BC ??
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Algebra
• Example :

1xn nx1 1x1

nx1 1xn nxn


Matrix Algebra

Practice 3

a)

b)
Not Defined !!
Matrix Algebra
• Matrix Multiplication Properties :
Matrix Algebra

Whether AB == BA ??
Q:
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Algebra
Linear Combination
• If A, B, and E are matrices, then 3A - B + 2E is called a linear
combination
Example

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