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Database Systems: Transaction Processing

1) A transaction processes updates to a database in response to events in the real world to maintain consistency between the database state and the real world state. 2) A transaction processing system consists of a transaction processing (TP) monitor that controls transaction execution and one or more database management systems to guarantee transactions have desired properties like atomicity. 3) Transaction processing systems have evolved from centralized systems with sequential transaction processing to distributed systems supporting concurrent, online, heterogeneous access to relational databases containing multimedia data.

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58 views14 pages

Database Systems: Transaction Processing

1) A transaction processes updates to a database in response to events in the real world to maintain consistency between the database state and the real world state. 2) A transaction processing system consists of a transaction processing (TP) monitor that controls transaction execution and one or more database management systems to guarantee transactions have desired properties like atomicity. 3) Transaction processing systems have evolved from centralized systems with sequential transaction processing to distributed systems supporting concurrent, online, heterogeneous access to relational databases containing multimedia data.

Uploaded by

Haider Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Database Systems
Lecture 24

Transaction Processing
Database Management
Systems
2

What is a Transaction?
• When an event in the real world changes the
state of the enterprise, a transaction is
executed to cause the corresponding change
in the database state
▫ With an on-line database, the event causes the
transaction to be executed in real time
• A transaction is an application program with
special properties - discussed later - to
guarantee it maintains database correctness
3

What is a Transaction Processing System?


• Transaction execution is controlled by a TP
monitor
▫ Creates the abstraction of a transaction, analogous
to the way an operating system creates the
abstraction of a process
▫ TP monitor and DBMS together guarantee the
special properties of transactions
• A Transaction Processing System consists of TP
monitor, databases, and transactions
4

Transaction Processing System

DBMS database
transactions

DBMS database

TP Monitor
5

Systems: Then and Now


• Relational model using SQL - high-level view of
data
▫ Older systems presented low-level view
• Might contain multimedia data
▫ Older systems restricted to alphanumeric data
• On-line: database accessed at time of event
▫ Older systems were off-line, batch
6

Systems: Then and Now (con’t)


• Concurrent - multiple transactions execute
simultaneously
▫ Older systems processed transactions sequentially
• Distributed computation - different parts of the
application execute on different computers
▫ Older systems were centralized
7

Systems: Then and Now (con’t)


• Distributed data - different parts of the data
are stored in different databases on different
computers
▫ Older systems were centralized
• Heterogeneous - involves HW and SW
modules from different manufacturers
▫ Older systems were homogeneous
• Accessed by everyone (e.g., e-commerce)
▫ Older systems restricted to trained personnel
8

System Requirements
• High Availability: on-line => must be
operational while enterprise is functioning
• High Reliability: correctly tracks state, does
not lose data, controlled concurrency
• High Throughput: many users => many
transactions/sec
• Low Response Time: on-line => users are
waiting
9

System Requirements (con’t)


• Long Lifetime: complex systems are not easily
replaced
▫ Must be designed so they can be easily extended
as the needs of the enterprise change
• Security: sensitive information must be
carefully protected since system is accessible to
many users
▫ Authentication, authorization, encryption
10

Roles in Design, Implementation, and


Maintenance of a TPS
• System Analyst - specifies system using input
from customer; provides complete description of
functionality from customer’s and user’s point of
view
• Database Designer - specifies structure of
data that will be stored in database
• Application Programmer - implements
application programs (transactions) that access
data and support enterprise rules
11

Roles in Design, Implementation and


Maintenance of a TPS (con’t)
• Database Administrator - maintains
database once system is operational: space
allocation, performance optimization, database
security
• System Administrator - maintains
transaction processing system: monitors
interconnection of HW and SW modules, deals
with failures and congestion
12

OLTP vs. OLAP


• On-line Transaction Processing (OLTP)
▫ Day-to-day handling of transactions that result
from enterprise operation
▫ Maintains correspondence between database state
and enterprise state
• On-line Analytic Processing (OLAP)
▫ Analysis of information in a database for the
purpose of making management decisions
13

OLAP
• Analyzes historical data (terabytes) using complex
queries
• Due to volume of data and complexity of queries,
OLAP often uses a data warehouse
• Data Warehouse - (offline) repository of
historical data generated from OLTP or other
sources
• Data Mining - use of warehouse data to discover
relationships that might influence enterprise
strategy
14

Examples - Supermarket
• OLTP
▫ Event is 3 cans of soup and 1 box of crackers
bought; update database to reflect that event
• OLAP
▫ Last winter in all stores in northeast, how many
customers bought soup and crackers together?
• Data Mining
▫ Are there any interesting combinations of foods
that customers frequently bought together?

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