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    Chapter 1 Foundations of Arguments

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    Walaa Alali

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    Chapter 1 Foundations of Arguments

    Uploaded by

    Walaa Alali
    46 views21 pages

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    Copyright:

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    46 views21 pages

    Chapter 1 Foundations of Arguments

    Uploaded by

    Walaa Alali

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    Chapter 1: Foundations of Arguments

    This chapter will cover

    • The structure of an argument


    • The three parts of an argument:
    • Issues
    • Conclusions
    • Reasons
    • An approach to making decisions

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.


    Foundations of Arguments

    Metaphors for Argument

    • Your claims are indefensible.

    • I demolished her argument.

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.


    Foundations of Arguments
    • Critical thinkers use the word “argument” to
    refer to a “group of statements, one or more of
    which, the reason, support or provide evidence
    for another, the conclusion”

    • An argument aims at demonstrating the truth or


    falsity of a particular claim by presenting
    evidence (reasons)
    • If a person has a conclusion but offers no
    reasons to explain how he has arrived at such
    a conclusion, then he has made only a
    statement, not an argument
    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
    Foundations of Arguments

    ‘Argument’

    • Referring to a conclusion (claim);


    • Supported by reasons (premises);
    • About a particular issue (question or
    controversy)

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    The Issue

    What we are arguing about

    Make it a question:
    • Should the attendance be enforced?
    • Should energy drinks be regulated?
    • Should smoking be banned in public
    places?

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.


    Riddle

    When is an issue not an issue?

    When it is a Topic

    • Topics are ideas or subjects


    • Topics become issues when a
    question or controversy is introduced.

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.


    Issues
    Should cell
    Do cell phones phones be
    have too many allowed at
    applications? school?
    Cell
    Phones
    Are cell phones Can cell phones
    a danger to our detract from
    health? Should cell our safety?
    phones be
    allowed in the
    classrooms

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.


    The Issue

    Topic

    Issue(question).

    Reasons (premises)

    Conclusion/claim

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    The Issue

    Issue detection:

    • Ask a question or
    • Use the following statement:
    The issue is whether……there is
    too much violence on tv.

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.


    Skill
    Understand the issue, make sure everyone is
    discussing the same issue, and bring the
    discussion back on target when necessary.

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.


    Kinds of issues

    3 Kinds

    value issue - prescriptive

    factual issue - descriptive or definitional

    policy issue - action

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.


    Factual Issue

    Descriptive:
    Definition
    Is it true or false?
    Does it fit into a certain
    Are speed control category?
    devices effective in
    preventing accidents? Is a cyber addiction a
    disease?

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.


    Value Issue

    Prescriptive value

    good or bad right or wrong

    • Is there too much • Are salaries of executives


    violence on television? of major corporations too
    high?

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.


    Policy Issue

    Action
    Policy Issues involve an
    action step:

    May emerge from facts and values


    • Speed –control devices prevent accidents
    •Support policies for these devices.

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.


    Name that issue
    Quiz
    Is there too much violence on television?
    •

    Are seatbelts effective in preventing injury?


    •

    Is a dolphin a mammal?
    •

    Will installing smog control devices prevent pollution?

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.


    Conclusion

    Also called position, claim

    • The stand you take on the issue.


    • The position taken about an issue.
    • The thesis statement will express the
    conclusion of the author.

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.


    Conclusion

    Locate conclusions in an argument:

    1. Position of the writer or speaker


    2. Look at beginning or ending.
    3. Indicator words: therefore, so, thus, hence.
    4. Indicator phrases: My point is, What I believe is..,
    obviously, it is evident that.
    5. Ask: What is being claimed?
    6. Look at the title.
    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
    Reasons

    Premises, evidence, support, justification

    • Provide support for conclusions.


    • Without reasons, you have no
    argument.

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.


    Reasons

    Locate reasons in an argument:

    1. Apply the because trick.

    2. Indicator words - Because, for, first, second, third, as


    evidenced by, also, furthermore, in addition.
    3. Support material - Examples, statistics, analogies,
    reports of studies, and expert testimony

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.


    Remember

    An Opinion is an Unsupported
    Claim; An Argument is a
    Supported Claim

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.


    Chapter 1: Foundations of Arguments

    Checkup

    • Difference between topic and issue


    • Three parts of an argument
    • How to locate reasons and conclusions

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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