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Data and Computer Communications

The document discusses protocol architecture, TCP/IP, and internet-based applications. It covers the need for protocol architecture to break communication tasks into modules. It then describes the TCP/IP protocol architecture including layers like the physical, network access, internet, and host-to-host layers. It also discusses standard protocol architectures like the OSI model and how multimedia applications differ from traditional applications.

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33 views

Data and Computer Communications

The document discusses protocol architecture, TCP/IP, and internet-based applications. It covers the need for protocol architecture to break communication tasks into modules. It then describes the TCP/IP protocol architecture including layers like the physical, network access, internet, and host-to-host layers. It also discusses standard protocol architectures like the OSI model and how multimedia applications differ from traditional applications.

Uploaded by

J V
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data and Computer

Communications
Chapter 2 – Protocol Architecture,
TCP/IP, and Internet-Based
Applications

Ninth Edition
by William Stallings
Data and Computer Communications, Ninth
Edition by William Stallings, (c) Pearson
Education - Prentice Hall, 2011
Protocol Architecture,
TCP/IP, and Internet-Based
Applications
To destroy communication completely, there
must be no rules in common between
transmitter and receiver—neither of alphabet
nor of syntax.
—On Human Communication,
Colin Cherry
The Need For Protocol
Architecture
Functions of Protocol
Architecture
 breaks logic into subtask modules which
are implemented separately
 modules are arranged in a vertical stack
• each layer in the stack performs a
subset of functions
• relies on next lower layer for primitive
functions
• changes in one layer should not require
changes in other layers
Key Features of a Protocol
A protocol is a set of rules or conventions
that allow peer layers to communicate.
The key features of a protocol are:
A Simple Protocol
Communication Layers
 communication tasks are organized into
three relatively independent layers:

• Network access layer


• concerned with the exchange of data
• Transport layer
• provides reliable data transfer
• Application layer
• Contains logic to support applications
Network Access Layer
 covers the exchange of data between an
end system and the network that it is
attached to
 concerned with issues like :
 destination address provision
 invoking specific services like priority
 access to & routing data across a network for
two end systems attached to the same
network
Transport Layer
Application Layer
Protocol Architecture and
Networks
Protocols in a Simplified
Architecture
Addressing
Two levels of addressing are needed:
Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
 the combination of data and control
information is a protocol data unit (PDU)
 typically control information is contained in
a PDU header
 control information is used by the peer
transport protocol at computer B
 headers may include:
 source port, destination port, sequence
number, and error-detection code
Network Access Protocol
 after receiving segment from transport
layer, the network access protocol must
request transmission over the network
 the network access protocol creates a
network access PDU (packet) with control
information
 header includes:
 source computer address
 destination computer address
 facilities requests
TCP/IP Protocol Architecture
TCP/IP Layers and Example
Protocols
Physical Layer
 covers the physical interface between
computer and network
 concerned with issues like:
 characteristics of transmission medium
 nature of the signals
 data rates
Network Access Layer
 covers the exchange of data between an
end system and the network that it is
attached to
 concerned with issues like :
 destination address provision
 invoking specific services like priority
 access to & routing data across a network for
two end systems attached to the same
network
Internet Layer
Host-to-Host (Transport) Layer
Operation of TCP/IP
TCP/IP Address Requirements
Two levels of addressing are needed:
Operation of TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP)
 TCP is the transport layer protocol for most
applications
 TCP provides a reliable connection for transfer
of data between applications
 A TCP segment is the basic protocol unit
 TCP tracks segments between entities for
duration of each connection
User Datagram Protocol
(UDP)
 alternative to TCP
 does not guarantee delivery, preservation
of sequence, or protection against
duplication
 adds port addressing capability to IP
 used with Simple Network Management
Protocol (SNMP)
UDP Header
IPv6
 Provides enhancements over existing IP
 Designed to accommodate higher speeds
and the mix of graphic and video data
 Driving force was the need for more
addresses due to growth of the Internet
 IPv6 includes 128-bit source and
destination address fields
IPv6 Header
TCP/IP Protocols
Standardized Protocol
Architectures
Layer Specific Standards
OSI Standardization
 framework for standardization was
motivator
 lower layers are concerned with greater
levels of details
 each layer provides services to the next
higher layer
 three key elements:
Primitive Types
REQUEST A primitive issued by a service user to invoke some
service and to pass the parameters needed to specify
fully the requested service
INDICATION A primitive issued by a service provider either to:
indicate that a procedure has been invoked by the peer
service user on the connection and to provide the
associated parameters, or
notify the service user of a provider-initiated action
RESPONSE A primitive issued by a service user to acknowledge or
complete some procedure previously invoked by an
indication to that user
CONFIRM A primitive issued by a service provider to acknowledge
or complete some procedure previously invoked by a
request by the service user
Service Primitives and
Parameters
Internet Applications
Applications that operate on top of TCP
include:
Multimedia Terminology
Multimedia Terminology
Multimedia Applications
Domains of Multimedia
Systems and Example
Applications
Elastic and Inelastic Traffic
Multimedia Technologies
Summary
 needs and key elements for protocol
architecture
 TCP/IP protocol architecture
 OSI Model & protocol architecture
standardization
 traditional versus multimedia application
needs

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