Chapter 7: Atmospheric

Circulations
 Scales of atmospheric motions
 Eddies - big and small
 Local wind systems
 Global winds
 Global wind patterns

and the oceans

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 Scales of Atmospheric Motions
 Microscale: meters - kilometers
 Mesoscale: km – a few hundred km
 synoptic scale: a few hundred km – a few thousand km
 planetary scale: a few thousand km and larger

Q: what is the scale of atmospheric boundary layer turbulence?

a) microscale, b) mesoscale, c) synoptic scale

Q: what is the scale of weather fronts?

a) microscale, b) mesoscale, c) synoptic scale

Q: what is the scale of lake breeze over the Great Lakes

a) microscale, b) mesoscale, c) synoptic scale 2
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 Eddies - Big and Small
 eddy or turbulent eddy: caused by convection (heating or
cooling), wind shear (or near surface wind), or waves
 Rotor: caused by mountain waves

wind shear: change of

wind speed or direction
with height

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• Clear-air turbulence: caused by wind shear; important for aviation

Billow clouds: caused by mountain

waves in a wind shear zone

Q: what could cause bumpy aircraft flight in the upper troposphere?

a) clear-air turbulence, b) rotor, c) billow clouds
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 Local Wind Systems
Thermal Circulations: warm air
rises and cool air sinks

• Warm air leads to H in the

air (i,e, pushing isobar up);
• Air moves from H to L;
• increases surface pressure
(i.e., pushing near-surface
isobar up) over cool place;
• Leads to circulation from
cool place to warm place
near surface

• Pay attention to the change

of isobars with height 6
 Sea and Land Breezes
 sea breeze: from sea to land
 land breeze: land to sea
 sea breeze front: clouds
 Florida sea breezes
• Sea and land breezes also
occur near the shores of
large lakes, such as the
Great Lakes
• Pay attention to the change
of isobars with height
Q: which is stronger in general?
a) sea breeze, b) land breeze,
c) the same

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 Q: When do you expect to see the thunderstorm in summer
in Florida?
a) 10am, b) noon, c) 3pm, d) 6pm

Q: For the prevailing

northeasterly wind
over southern Florida,
where does the
strongest sea breeze
occur in general ? a)
Eastern coast of
southern Florida, b)
western coast, c)
central part
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 height
Q: given the isobars as left,
what is the near-surface
wind direction?
a) from A to B
b) from B to A
A B
Q: During the day, if you
stand on beach, what
would be the wind
direction due to sea
breeze?
a) from sea to beach
b) from land to sea

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 Seasonally Changing Winds - the Monsoon
 Monsoon wind system: change with season
 India and eastern Asian monsoon

 Global monsoons

Q: What are the differences and similarities between monsoon

and sea/land breeze?
A: Monsoon system is much greater in geographic area;
changes with season; sea/land breeze changes with diurnal
cycle; both due to horizontal temperature difference

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North American monsoon

Q: Coriolis force is
important for monsoon
circulation. Is it as
important for sea breeze
as for monsoon?
a) yes
b) no

Q: Still, is Coriolis
force important for sea
breeze?
a) yes
b) no
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 Mountain and Valley Breezes
 valley breeze: daytime; from valley to top
 mountain breeze: nighttime; from top to valley
• The nighttime mountain breeze is sometimes called
gravity winds or drainage winds, because gravity
causes the cold air to ‘drain’ downhill.
Q: Which is stronger in general?
a) valley breeze, b) mountain breeze, c) the same

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 Katabatic Winds
 Strong drainage wind from cold elevated plateau down steep
slope and/or narrow channel
• Katabatic winds are quite fierce in parts of Antarctica,
with hurricane-force wind speeds.
• Bora: a cold, gusty northeasterly wind along the Adriatic
coast in the former Yugoslavia

Q: why is the air parcel

temperature much
warmer at bottom of
the mountain in the
figure?

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 Chinook (Foehn) Winds
 Chinook winds: one type of drainage wind; warm and
dry wind down the eastern slope of the Rocky
• ItMountains
is called a Foehn along the leeward slopes of Alps.
Q: Which wind is weakest in general?
a) drainage wind, b) katabatic wind, c) Chinook wind

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Chinook wall cloud indicates that chinook is coming

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 Santa Ana Winds
 Santa Ana wind: warm, dry wind from the elevated desert
plateau down to southern California
 compressional heating
 Could have very strong wind
 wildfires
Q: which wind comes from elevated
desert plateau?
a) Chinook wind; b) Santa Ana wind;
c) Katabatic wind; d) mountain breeze

Q: The drainage wind over the lee

side of the Rocky Mountain is
a) Chinook wind; b) Santa Ana wind;
c) Katabatic wind; d) mountain breeze
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 Desert Winds
 dust and sand storms: occurs over
arid and semiarid regions
 dust devils – from surface;

usually with a diameter of a few

meters and a height of <100 m
Q: What is the difference between
tornado and dust devil? A: Tornado
is larger horizontally and deeper
vertically; from cloud base down

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Haboob: A spectacular example of duststorm caused by
thunderstorm downdraft; tens of kilometers horizontally and
hundreds of meters vertically

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Q: give a phenomenon and its typical temporal/spatial scales
for each scale (micro, meso, synoptic, global)

Q: What is the direction of sea breeze? What is the formation

mechanism?

Q: what wind would produce clouds?

a) valley breeze, b) mountain breeze

Q: Indian summer monsoon brings rainfall to India. The

winter monsoon is a) wet, b) dry

Q: Suppose you are fishing in a mountain stream in the early

morning. The Wind is more likely blowing
a) upstream, b) downstream
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 General Circulation of the Atmosphere
 cause: unequal net heating of the earth’s surface and
atmosphere
 effect: atmospheric circulation and ocean currents to transport
heat from the equator to the poles

Fig. 2.19 on p. 46
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 Single-cell Model
 basic assumptions: no rotation
 Originally proposed by George Hadley in England in the 18th
Century
 Hadley cell

Q: Why is the single-cell model wrong? A: Because single cell

does not exist due to earth’s rotation

• UK’s Hadley Centre

for Climate
Research is named
after George Hadley.

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 Three-cell Model
 model for a rotating earth; overall realistic for surface fields

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 Three-cell Model

 realistic over the tropics in winter hemisphere:

Hadley cell; doldrums; subtropical highs
trade winds; intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)

 Over mid- and high latitudes: Ferrel cell and polar cell do not play major
roles;
westerlies in the upper troposphere;
polar front;
polar near-surface easterlies

Q: if near-surface wind is southwesterly over NH midlatitudes, what is the

direction of upper troposphere wind?
a) westerly, b) easterly, c) southerly, d) northerly

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Average Surface Winds and Pressure:
The Real World
 semipermanent highs: Bermuda high & Pacific high
Pacific high moves north in summer;
Bermuda high moves west in summer
 Semipermanent low: Icelandic low
it moves north in summer
 Siberian high in winter due to very cold air
 Aleutian low in winter due to storm track
 ITCZ stays in the warm hemisphere (e.g., NH in July)
 There are three semipermanent highs in SH

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 The General Circulation and
Precipitation Patterns
• Most of the world’s
thunderstorms are found
along the ITCZ.
• Low rainfall over the
subtropical regions
• Fronts and precipitation
over the subpolar lows

Q: which is correct?
a) desert causes subtropical
high;
b) subtropical high causes
desert
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Q: Why is Los Angeles dry in
summer, while Atlanta is wet?

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 Westerly Winds and the Jet
Stream
 jet streams
 subtropical jet stream
 polar front jet stream

Low-level jet stream over

the Central plains of the
U.S. (within 2 km above
surface), bringing moist
and warm air to form
nighttime thunderstorms

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 (warm) Gulf Stream; (warm) Kuroshio Current;
(cold) California Current; (cold) Canary Current;
Equatorial Current and Counter Current in the Pacific

Global wind drives

ocean current

Q: These ocean
circulations are
consistent with
wind of
a) high pressure
system;
b) low pressure
system

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Fig. 7-29, p. 193
 Winds and Upwelling
 Upwelling is strongest when wind
is parallel to the coastline
Q: Why is ocean coldest in northern
California in the left figure?
A: wind is parallel to the coastline;
upwelling is strongest; cold deep
water is brought to surface

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 El Niño and the Southern Oscillation
Q: what is the El Niño? A: warming, pressure decrease, and
weakened upwelling over the central and eastern Pacific; trade
wind weakened as well;
(cooling, pressure increase over western Pacific)
 La Niña: opposite

Q: What is the Southern Oscillation (SO)? A: oscillation of

surface pressure over tropical western and eastern Pacific
 ENSO: El Nino and SO are closely related

Q: What is teleconnections? A: local changes (e.g., in sea

surface temperature) affect weather in remote regions.

SST animation:
www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/map/clim/sst.anom.anim.year.html

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Thermocline
is incorrect
in bottom
panel

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 • ENSO is an example of a global-scale weather
phenomenon.
Q: What is the El Nino effect on winter weather in the
U.S.? A: Northwestern U.S. usually has a
warmer winter, Southeast usualy has a wetter winter,
and often Arizona has a wetter winter

El Nino
effect

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 Other Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions
 North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO): based on pressure difference between
Bermuda and Iceland
 Arctic Oscillation (AO): pressure difference between about 45 oN and
Arctic; describes the same phenomenon in a similar way as NAO.
 Positive (negative) phase: stronger (weaker) zonal wind

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Pacific Decadal Oscillation: Pacific surface temperature pattern changes
every 20-30 years;
Over the tropical Pacific, PDO pattern is not very different from ENSO;
Over midlatitude Pacific, PDO pattern is different from ENSO;
Positive (negative) phase: warmer (cooler) surface water along the west coast
of North America;
Amplitude is smaller than ENSO

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Q: Most U.S. is located in : a) westerly wind belt, b) easterly
wind belt, c) southerly wind belt, d) northerly wind belt

Q: Why do summers along the west coast of U.S. tend to be

dry?

Q: What coastal wind along the west coast of North America

would produce strong upwelling? a) northerly, b) southerly,
c) easterly, d) westerly

Q: What is a major El Nino?

Q: for the positive phase of NAO, a) Greenland is colder and

northern Europe is milder, b) Greenland is milder and northern
Europe is colder, c) Greenland and northern Europe are both
colder, d) Greenland and northern Europe are both milder
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