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CE 601 Highway &transportation Engineering

1. Highway location surveys involve measuring distances, angles, and elevations to develop a base map with contour lines and cross-sections. 2. The location process has four phases - desk study, reconnaissance survey, preliminary location survey, and final location survey - to identify feasible routes and select the best route alignment. 3. Economic and environmental factors are evaluated to select the most cost-effective and least impactful route, with public input considered.

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Debasish Das
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44 views24 pages

CE 601 Highway &transportation Engineering

1. Highway location surveys involve measuring distances, angles, and elevations to develop a base map with contour lines and cross-sections. 2. The location process has four phases - desk study, reconnaissance survey, preliminary location survey, and final location survey - to identify feasible routes and select the best route alignment. 3. Economic and environmental factors are evaluated to select the most cost-effective and least impactful route, with public input considered.

Uploaded by

Debasish Das
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CE 601

Highway &Transportation Engineering

Highway Alignments
Transportation

 Life in communities has changed over the


years.

 One of those changes is in transportation.

Transportation is a way of moving people or


things from one place to another.
Modes of Transportation

 Land

 Water

 Air
Modes of Transportation
Elements of Transportation

There are three main elements of automobile


transportation:
 The road users (Drivers and pedestrians)
 The vehicle
 The road way and geometric design
LOCATION SURVEY AND CONTROLS
SURVEY

 Art of observing and making


measurements of relative
portions of natural and manmade
features on the surface of earth
and plotting these measurements
to some suitable scale to
form a map.
SURVEY FOR A HIGHWAY

Highway surveys involve measurement and


calculation of distances, angles (horizontal and
vertical) and elevations.
 The data is then used to form a base map

with contour lines and longitudinal cross-


sections.
SURVEYING TECHNIQUES

Three major categories


1. Ground Surveys
Basic equipment is used for location survey
 Measuring Tape.
 Levels.
 Theodolite.
 Electronic distance measuring devices

(EDM’s).
Continue…
2. Remote Sensing
 Measurement of distances and elevations by

using devices located above the surface of


earth.
 Data is collected through airplanes and

satellites using global positioning systems


(GPS).
 Photogrammetry (data is obtained with the

help of aerial photographs) is the most


commonly used technique.
Continue…
3. Computer Graphics
 Available/collected data is compiled and

stored in the electronic form.


 Photogrammetric and general survey data is

combined digitally with the help of softwares.


 The files can then be plotted in the form of

maps.
LOCATION CONTROLS

Location controls are basically the factors that


effects the selection of location of a highway
Major factors are:
 Topography.
 Soil Characteristics.
 Environmental factors (noise and air

pollution).
 Economic factors.
HIGHWAY LOCATION SURVEY/PROCESS

Highway location process have four phases


 Desk study of available

data/information/Map study
 Reconnaissance survey
 Preliminary location survey
 Final location survey
DESK STUDY OF AVAILABLE DATA

 Available data in the form of reports,


maps,aerial photographs and charts is
studied.
 Data is obtained form government

authorities e.g. transport department (NHA),


geological survey of Pakistan etc.
 Similarly, information is required to be

obtained on hydrology, mining, agriculture


and weather.
DESK STUDY OF AVAILABLE DATA

Data is obtained on the following


characteristics:
 Engineering (topography, geology, traffic

volume and climate)


 Social (land use trends and zoning)
 Environmental (air, noise and water

pollution, wildlife, historic and archaeological


sites)
 Economic (construction cost, agricultural,

commercial and industrial trends)


RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY

“Reconnaissance is the process of identifying


several possible routes & evaluating the
feasibility of these routes for a highway
between specific points”
 Aerial photographs are often used for the

purpose, especially for rural areas.


Continue…

Feasible routes are identifies by keeping in


mind the following factors
 Terrain and soil conditions.
 Serviceability of route to industrial and

residential areas.
 Crossing of other transportation facilities

like rivers, rail and highways.


 Route directness.
Continue…

 Identification of control points for each


feasible/selected route.

 Routes are then plotted on a map.


PRELIMINARY LOCATION SURVEY

The position of the feasible routes are set as


closely as possible by Establishing all control
points.
 Determining preliminary vertical and

horizontal alignments of each control point


 Economic and environmental feasibility of

the routes
 The best route is then selected as the

preliminary alignment for the highway.


Economic Evaluation

 Initial cost of the project and future


economic effects
 Road user cost
 Construction cost
 Road user benefits
 Economic drawbacks from the project

Information also helps in deciding the type of


highway for a particular route.
Environmental Evaluation

Environment Includes
 plant
 animals
 Human community
 Effects on quality of life for all (animals and

human being)
Environmental Evaluation

An environmental impact statement should be


submitted which should include
 Available alternatives
 Assessment of all positive and negative impacts
 Short and long term effects
 Unavoidable adverse environmental effects
 Use of natural resources
 Each route should be studied

e.g. Positive and negative effects of at grade or


grade seperated intersection.
FINAL LOCATION SURVEY

Detailed layout of the selected route is carried


out at this stage
 Centreline of the road.
 Horizontal and vertical alignment.
 Property lines.
 Intersecting roads.
 Position of structures and drainage channels.
LOCATION OF HIGHWAY IN URBAN AREAS

Factors that effect location of highway in urban


areas
 Connection to local streets (which street to

connect,traffic flow)
 Right-of-way acquisition (land cost, road on

elevated structures, noise and aesthetics)


 Coordination with other transportation systems

(integrated system, public transport)


 Provisions for bicycles and pedestrians

(sidewalks,crosswalks, traffic control devices,


ramps, bicycle path)

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