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Decision Making

Here are the key points about an if-else-if statement: - It allows you to check for multiple conditions in a single statement - The conditions are checked sequentially, from top to bottom - As soon as a condition is found to be true, the code for that condition is executed - Any subsequent conditions are skipped, even if they may also be true - An else clause handles the case when all conditions are false So an if-else-if allows for efficient checking of multiple exclusive conditions without nested if statements.

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64 views24 pages

Decision Making

Here are the key points about an if-else-if statement: - It allows you to check for multiple conditions in a single statement - The conditions are checked sequentially, from top to bottom - As soon as a condition is found to be true, the code for that condition is executed - Any subsequent conditions are skipped, even if they may also be true - An else clause handles the case when all conditions are false So an if-else-if allows for efficient checking of multiple exclusive conditions without nested if statements.

Uploaded by

ranaateeq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment marks(5+5+5=15)

1) Write a program that gets temperature from the


user in Celsius and convert it into Fahrenheit
using the formula F=9/5*Cel+32
2) Write a program that input 4 numbers and
calculate the sum, average and product of all
the numbers.
3) Write a program that inputs base and height
from the user and calculate area of a triangle by
using the formula Area=1/2*base*height
Variable declaration
 The process of specifying the variable name and its type is called
variable declaration.
 Once a variable is declared, its data types cannot be changed
during program execution. However the value of variable can be
changed during execution.
 Syntax: data_type variable_name;
data_type: it indicates type of data that can be stored in variable.
variable_name: it refers to the memory location of the variable.
Examples:
 int marks;
 Float average;
 char grade;
Variable Initialization
 The process of assigning a value to a variable at the
time of initialization is called variable initialization.
 The equal sign = is used to initialize a variable.
 Variable name is written on left side and the value is
written on the right side of equal sign.
 Syntax:
 type_name variable =value

Examples:
 int a =20;
 float avg =2.13;
“getch( )“ function

 The word getch stands for get character.


 The getch function is used to input single character from the
user.
 When this function is execute, it waits for any key to be pressed.
 The character entered by the user is not displayed on the screen.
 The function getch() is defined in the header file conio.h.
 This header file must be included in the program to use this
function.

Syntax: getch();
Decision Constructs
A statement used to control the flow of execution in a
program is called control structure.
 The instructions in a program can be organized in three
kinds of control structures to control execution flow.

These control structures are as follows:


 Sequence structure (straight line paths)
 Selection structure (one or many branches)
 Loop structure (repetition of a set of activities)
Sequence structure (straight line paths)

 In sequence structure , the


statements are executed in
the same order in which they
are specified in program.
 The control flows from one
statement to other logical
sequence.
 All statements are executed
exactly once.
 It means that no statement is
skipped and no statement is
executed more than once.
Selection structure (one or many branches)

 A selection structure selects a


statement or set of statements to
execute on the basis of a condition.
 Statement or set of statements is
executed when a particular condition
is true and ignored when the
condition is false.
 Branching Statements are included in
this control structure. Following
branching statements are supported
by C++ :
 if statement.
 if-else statement.
 switch statement
Loop structure (repetition of a set of activities)

 A repetition structure executes


a statement or set of
statements repeatedly.
 It is also known as iteration
structure or loop.
 The repetition structures
include.
 for loop
 while loop
 do-while loop
Flowchart
A flowchart is a diagram that depicts the “flow” of a
program.
 Flowchart is a diagrammatic representation of an
algorithm.
 Flowchart are very helpful in writing program and
explaining program to others.
 Flowchart symbols are specific shapes used to create a
visual representation of a program.
Symbols representation

 What do each of the following symbols represent?


Answer

 What do each of the following symbols represent?

Decision
Terminal

Input/Output
Operation Connector

Process Module
Review

 What type of structure is this?


Answer

 Sequence structure

13
Review

 What type of structure is this?


Answer

 Selection structure / Decision

15
Review

 What type of structure is this?


Answer

 Loops structure / Repetition

17
The Basic If Statement

 Syntax
if (Expression)
Action
Expression

 If the Expression is true then


execute Action true false

 Action is either a single statement


or a group of statements within
Action
braces
Example

if (Value < 0) {
Is our number negative?
Value = -Value;
}
If Value is less than Value < 0
zero then we need to
update its value to
true false
that of its additive
inverse If Value is not less
than zero then our
Value = -Value number is fine as is

Our number is
now definitely
nonnegative
The If-Else Statement
 Syntax

if (Expression)
Action1
else
Action2 Expression
 If Expression is true then execute
Action1 otherwise execute Action2 true false

if (v == 0) {
Action1 Action2
cout << "v is 0";
}
else {
cout << "v is not 0";
}
Finding the Max

cout << "Enter two integers: ";


int Value1;
int Value2;
cin >> Value1 >> Value2;
int Max;
if (Value1 < Value2) {
Max = Value2;
}
else {
Max = Value1;
}
cout << "Maximum of inputs is: " << Max << endl;
Finding the Max
Is Value2 larger than Value1

Yes, it is . So Value2 is
larger than Value1. In
this case, Max is set No, its not. So Value1
to Value2 is at least as large as
Value2. In this case,
Value1 < Value2 Max is set to Value1
true false

Max = Value2 Max = Value1

Either case, Max is set


correctly
An If-Else-If Statement / Nested if…else
statements
 One inside another, test for multiple cases
 Once a condition met, other statements are skipped

 if( studentGrade >= 90 )


cout << "A";
else if (studentGrade >= 80 )
cout << "B";
else if (studentGrade >= 70 )
cout << "C";
else if ( studentGrade >= 60 )
cout << "D";
else
cout << "F";
An If-Else-If Statement

if ( number < 0 ){
cout << number << " is negative" << endl;
}
else if ( number > 0 ) {
cout << number << " is positive" << endl;
}
else {
cout << number << " is zero" << endl;
}

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