The OSI Model and

the TCP/IP Protocol Suite

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OSI Reference Model

 OSI : Open System Interconnection by ISO

 Basic Reference Model : ISO-7498

 Purpose of OSI Model

~ is to open communication between different

systems without requiring changes to the logic of
the underlying hardware and software.

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2.1 The OSI Model

 OSI Model

~ is layered framework for the design of network

systems that allows for communication across all
types of computer systems
 Layered Architecture

~ shows the layers involved when a message is sent

from device A to device B

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 OSI Model (cont’d)
 The OSI Model

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 OSI Layers

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 OSI Model (cont’d)
 Peer-to-peer process

~ process on each machine that communicates at a

given layer

 Interfaces between Layers

~ defines what information and services a layer must

provide for the layer above it

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 OSI Model (cont’d)
 Organization of the Layers

Layer 1, 2, 3(network support layers)

~ deal with the physical aspects of moving data
from one device to another
Layer 5, 6, 7(user support layers)
~ allow interoperability among unrelated software
systems
Layer 4(transport layer)
~ links the two subgroups and ensures that what
the lower layers have transmitted is in a form
that the upper layers can use
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 OSI Model (cont’d)
 OSI 모델을 이용한 교환

 Headers are added

to the data at layers
6, 5, 4, 3, and 2.
Trailers are usually
added only at layer 2.

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2.2 Layers in the OSI Model
 (Physical Layer)

 (Data Link Layer)

 (Network Layer)

 (Transport Layer)

 (Session Layer)

 (Presentation Layer)

 (Application Layer)

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 Physical Layer
 coordinates the functions required to transmit a bit
stream over a physical medium.

(deal with the mechanical and electrical specification of

the primary connections: cable, connector)

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 Physical Layer (cont’d)
 Physical Layer

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 Physical Layer (cont’d)
 Representation of bits : (Encoding); data

Data rate :

(Synchronization of bits)

(Line configuration) : point-to-point, multipoint

(Topology) : mesh, star, ring, bus

(Data transmission mode) : simplex, half-duplex, full- duplex

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 Data Link Layer
 is responsible for delivering data units(group of bits)
from one station to the next without errors.

 It accepts a data unit from the third layer and adds

meaningful bits to the beginning(header) and
end(trailer) that contain addresses and other control
information: Frame

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 Data Link Layer
 Data Link Layer

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 Node-to-Node Delivery

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 Data Link Layer (cont’d)

 Specific responsibilities

Framing : dividing into Frames

(Addressing) :

(Flow control) : for avoiding overwhelming

the receiver

(Error Control) : retransmission

(Access control) : for avoiding collision

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 Network Layer
 is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of
a packet across multiple network link

 provides two related services.

Switching
Routing

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 Network Layer (cont’d)
 Switching

~ refer to temporary connections between physical

links, resulting in longer links for network
transmission.(ex: telephone conversation)
 routing

~ means selecting the best path for sending a packet

from one point to another when more than one path
is available

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 Network Layer (cont’d)

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 Network Layer (cont’d)
• End-to-End Delivery

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 Network Layer (cont’d)
 Specific responsibilities

Source-to-destination delivery(packet)

Logical addressing

Routing

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 Transport Layer
 is responsible for source-to-destination (end-to-end)
delivery of the entire message.

cf: the network layer oversees end-to-end delivery of

individual packet.

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 Transport Layer (cont’d)
 Specific responsibility

Reliable End-to-end message delivery

Service-point(port) addressing
 delivery of a message to the appropriate application on a
computer running multiple applications

Segmentation and reassembly

Connection control

Flow Control

Error Control
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 Transport Layer (cont’d)
 Reliable End-to-end delivery of a message

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 Transport Layer (cont’d)
 Transport Layer

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 Session Layer
 is the network dialog controller

Dialog unit

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 Session Layer (cont’d)
 Specific responsibility

Session management

Synchronization

Dialog control : Deciding who sends, and when

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 Presentation Layer
 ensures interoperability among communicating
devices.

 is responsible for the encryption and decryption of data

for security purpose and for the compression and
expansion of data when necessary for transmission
efficiency.

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 Presentation Layer (cont’d)

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 Presentation Layer (cont’d)
 Specific responsibility

Translation
Encryption
Compression

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 Application Layer
 enables the user, whether human or software, to access
the network.

 provides user interfaces and support for services.

Email, remote file access and transfer, shared database management

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 Application Layer (cont’d)
 Application Layer

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 Application Layer (cont’d)
 Specific services

Network virtual terminal

File access, transfer, and management

Mail services

Directory services

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 2.3 TCP/IP Protocol Suite
~ is made of five layers : physical, data link, network, transport, and
application

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 Internetworking Protocol (IP)
 Transmission mechanism by the TCP/IP

 An unreliable and connectionless datagram protocol – best-effort

delivery service; IP provides no error checking or tracking

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 UDP and TCP
 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
A process-to-process protocol that add only port addresses,
checksum error control, length information

 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Reliable stream (connection-oriented) transport protocol
Dividing a stream of data into smaller units called segments

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 2.4 Addressing
 Addresses in TCP/IP

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 2.4 Addressing (cont’d)
 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

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 Physical address (example 1)

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 Physical address (example 2)
 Most local area networks use a 48-bit (6 bytes) physical
address written as 12 hexadecimal digits, with every 2
bytes separated by a hyphen as shown below:

 07-01-02-01-2C-4B

A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address

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 IP Addresses (example 3)

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 IP Addresses (example 4)
 As we will see in Chapter 4, an Internet address (in
IPv4) is 32 bits in length, normally written as four
decimal numbers, with each number representing 1
byte. The numbers are separated by a dot. Below is an
example of such an address

 132.24.75.9

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 Port Addresses (example 5)

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 Port Addresses (example 6)

 As we will see in Chapters 11 and 12, a port address is a 16-bit

address represented by one decimal number as shown below.

 753 : A 16-bit port address

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 2.5 TCP/IP Versions
 Version 4 (IPv4)
32 bits address length

 Version 6 (IPv6 or IPng)

128 bits address length

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