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    Physics 05-Fluids (2018)

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    Defensor Pison Gringgo
    The document discusses key concepts related to fluids, including: 1) Liquids have no fixed shape or volume and their particles can move past one another, while solids have a fixed shape and volume with particles in close contact. 2) Density is defined as mass per unit volume, and objects with lower density will float on objects with higher density. 3) Pressure in a fluid depends on depth and is transmitted equally in all directions based on Pascal's principle. 4) Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force on an object equals the weight of fluid displaced.

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    Physics 05-Fluids (2018)

    Uploaded by

    Defensor Pison Gringgo
    62 views39 pages
    The document discusses key concepts related to fluids, including: 1) Liquids have no fixed shape or volume and their particles can move past one another, while solids have a fixed shape and volume with particles in close contact. 2) Density is defined as mass per unit volume, and objects with lower density will float on objects with higher density. 3) Pressure in a fluid depends on depth and is transmitted equally in all directions based on Pascal's principle. 4) Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force on an object equals the weight of fluid displaced.

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    The document discusses key concepts related to fluids, including: 1) Liquids have no fixed shape or volume and their particles can move past one another, while solids have a fixed shape and volume with particles in close contact. 2) Density is defined as mass per unit volume, and objects with lower density will float on objects with higher density. 3) Pressure in a fluid depends on depth and is transmitted equally in all directions based on Pascal's principle. 4) Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force on an object equals the weight of fluid displaced.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    62 views39 pages

    Physics 05-Fluids (2018)

    Uploaded by

    Defensor Pison Gringgo
    The document discusses key concepts related to fluids, including: 1) Liquids have no fixed shape or volume and their particles can move past one another, while solids have a fixed shape and volume with particles in close contact. 2) Density is defined as mass per unit volume, and objects with lower density will float on objects with higher density. 3) Pressure in a fluid depends on depth and is transmitted equally in all directions based on Pascal's principle. 4) Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force on an object equals the weight of fluid displaced.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 39

    FLUIDS

    Physics
    FLUIDS AND DENSITY
     Phases of Matter  Liquid
    Atoms move past each other

     Solid Set volume

    Atoms in close contact so they can’t Takes shape of container


    move much Hard to compress
    Set volume and shape
    Can’t compress
    05-01 FLUIDS AND DENSITY

    Gas Fluids
    Atoms far apart Flow
    Neither set volume or shape Both liquids and gases
    Compressible
    05-01 FLUIDS AND DENSITY

     Density Things with small density float


    on things with more density

    Where
     = density Solids most dense
    m = mass Gases least dense
    V = Volume See Table 11.1
    05-02 PRESSURE AND DEPTH

    The molecules in a fluid are free to wander around

    In their wanderings they sometimes collide with the sides of their
    container (i.e. balloon)

    The more the molecules collide with the walls, the more force is felt
    05-02 PRESSURE AND DEPTH

     
    P = Pressure
    F = Force perpendicular to surface
    A = Area of surface

    Unit: N/m2 = Pa (pascal)


    1 Pa is very small so we usually use kPa or atm
    05-02 PRESSURE AND DEPTH

    In a fluid the pressure is exerted


    perpendicularly to all surfaces

    A static fluid cannot produce a force parallel to


    a surface since it is not moving parallel to
    surface
    05-02 PRESSURE AND DEPTH

     The force that squashes the juice box is from the weight of all the
    air above it

    Atmospheric Pressure at Sea Level


     Pa = 1 atmosphere (1 atm)
    05-02 PRESSURE AND DEPTH

     The column of static fluid


    experiences several vertical
    forces

    Since the fluid is not moving, it


    is in equilibrium and
    05-02 PRESSURE AND DEPTH

       

    Or where P is the pressure due


    to the fluid at a depth h below
    the surface
    05-02 PRESSURE AND DEPTH

    If the pressure is known at a depth, the pressure lower down can
    be found by adding ρgh

    This assumes ρ is constant with depth

    This is a good estimate for liquids, but not for gasses unless h is
    small
    05-02 PRESSURE AND DEPTH

    Would Hoover Dam need to be just as strong if the entire lake


    behind the dam was reduced to an inch of water behind the dam,
    but the same depth as the lake?

    Yes, the pressure


    depends only on the depth
    05-03 PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE AND MEASURING
    PRESSURE

    Pascal’s
      Principle
    A change in pressure applied to an
    enclosed fluid is transmitted
    undiminished to all portions of the
    fluid and the walls of its container.

    Basis of hydraulics
    Since , if we change the area, the
    force is changed
    05-03 PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE AND MEASURING
    PRESSURE
     Gauge Pressure
    Used by pressure gauges
    Measures pressure relative to atmospheric pressure

    Absolute Pressure
    Sum of gauge pressure and atmospheric pressure
    05-03 PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE AND MEASURING
    PRESSURE
    Open-Tube
      Manometer  
    U-shaped tube with fluid in it
    One end is connected to the
    container of which we want to
    measure the pressure
    The other end is open to the
    air
    05-03 PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE AND MEASURING
    PRESSURE
    Barometer
     
    Used to measure air pressure

    A tube with the top sealed and filled with


    mercury
    The bottom is open and sitting in a pool of
    mercury

    Pressure at top = 0
    Pressure at bottom =
    05-04 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

       
    05-04 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

     Archimedes’ Principle
    Buoyant force = weight of the displaced fluid

    If buoyant force gravity, then it floats


    If buoyant force < gravity, then it sinks
    05-04 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

    As you might have guessed

    An object will float if its average density < density of the fluid
    In other words, it will float if it displaces more fluid than its
    own weight
    05-04 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

     Specific Gravity

    If specific gravity < 1 it floats


    If specific gravity > 1 it sinks
    05-05 FLOW RATE AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

     Flow Rate  
    A = cross-section area
     = average velocity of fluid
    Q = Flow rate
    V = Volume of fluid
    t = time
    05-05 FLOW RATE AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

     Since flow rate is constant for a  If incompressible


    given moving fluid
    Equation of continuity
    If incompressible and several
    branches
    05-05 FLOW RATE AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

    Where does the water flow the fastest?

    A B C
    05-05 FLOW RATE AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

     When a fluid goes through narrower channel, it speeds up


    It increases kinetic energy

    Net work comes from pressure pushing the fluid


    05-05 FLOW RATE AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

     Derivation
    05-05 FLOW RATE AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

     
    Divide by V and rearrange

    Bernoulli’s Equation

    This is a form of conservation of energy where the net work comes from the
    pressure in the fluid.
    05-05 FLOW RATE AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

    Think about driving down a road with something in your car’s trunk.
    The object is too large to completely shut the trunk lid. While the car is
    stopped, the lid quietly rests as far down as it can go. As you drive down
    the road, why does the trunk open?

    The air in the trunk is still. The air above the trunk is moving.
    The air in the trunk is at a higher pressure than above the trunk. So the
    trunk is pushed open.
    05-05 FLOW RATE AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
    Why do all houses need a plumbing vent?

    Waste water flows through a sewer line.


    Something like a sink is connected to the line, but there is a water trap to keep the
    sewer gasses from entering the house.
    The flowing water in the sewer means the air directly above the flowing water has
    a lower pressure than the air above the sink.
    This pushes the water in the trap down the pipe and sewer gasses enter the house
    05-05 FLOW RATE AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
    05-05 FLOW RATE AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

    How do airplane wings work (even paper airplanes)?

    The top of the wing is curved and the bottom is not. The air flows
    faster over the top of the wing, than the bottom. This pushes the
    wing up.
    05-05 FLOW RATE AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

    How does a curve ball in baseball work?


    05-06 THE MOST GENERAL APPLICATIONS OF
    BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
    AirDancer used to draw attention at used car lots.
    The behavior is explained by Bernoulli’s principle.
     Initially, the moving air, which behaves as an incompressible flow in
    the open-ended AirDancer, creates enough pressure to inflate the tube.
    As the tube stands more upright, the turbulent air inside flows more
    freely and its speed increases until the decreasing pressure can no
    longer support the mass of the nylon fabric.
    The collapsing material creates a kink in the tube, a constriction that
    causes the air speed to temporarily slow and the pressure to rise again.
    The elevated pressure drives the bend upward, sending a shimmy
    through the AirDancer and restarting the cycle.
    05-06 THE MOST GENERAL APPLICATIONS OF
    BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
    Power in Fluid Flow  
    Power is rate of work or energy
    Bernoulli’s Equation terms are
    in energy per volume
    05-07 VISCOSITY, POISEUILLE’S LAW, AND
    TURBULENCE
    Viscosity
    Fluid friction
    Turbulent
    Laminar Flow
    Smooth flow in layers that don’t mix
    Turbulent Flow
    Has eddies and swirls that mix layers of
    fluid
    Turbulent flow is slower than laminar
    flow Laminar
    05-07 VISCOSITY, POISEUILLE’S LAW, AND
    TURBULENCE
    How viscosity is measured
    Two plates with fluid
    between
    Top plate moved
    Friction causes the fluid to
    move   𝐹𝐿
    𝜂=
    𝑣𝐴
    05-07 VISCOSITY, POISEUILLE’S LAW, AND
    TURBULENCE

    Laminar
      flow in tubes  Poiseuille’s law for resistance
    Difference in pressure causes fluids
    to flow
    Where
     is viscosity
    Where l is length of tube
    Q is flow rate
    r is radius of tube
    and are pressures
    R is resistance
    05-07 VISCOSITY, POISEUILLE’S LAW, AND
    TURBULENCE
    Since flow rate depends on  Higher resistance, higher
    pressure pressure difference to
    Higher pressure difference, maintain constant Q
    higher Q  In blood vessels this is a
    problem with plaque on
    artery walls
    05-07 VISCOSITY, POISEUILLE’S LAW, AND
    TURBULENCE
    How to tell if laminar or  Reynolds number
    turbulent flow Below 2000  laminar
    Low speed with smooth, Above 3000  turbulent
    streamlined object  Between 2000 and 3000
    laminar depends on conditions
    High speed or rough object
     turbulent
    05-07 VISCOSITY, POISEUILLE’S LAW, AND
    TURBULENCE

    A  hypodermic syringe is filled with a
    solution whose viscosity is . The
    plunger area of the syringe is , and the
    length of the needle is 0.025 m. The
    internal radius of the needle is . The
    gauge pressure in a vein is 1900 Pa
    (14 mmHg). What force must be

     Is the flow laminar if the density is 1000
    applied to the plunger, so that of
    kg/m3?
    solution can be injected in 3.0 s?
     ; Yes
    N

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