This document summarizes different types of computer memory. It discusses internal processor memory, main memory, and secondary memory. Main memory includes RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and used for temporary storage, while ROM is non-volatile and used for permanent storage. The document also compares SRAM and DRAM, the two main types of RAM. It describes cache memory as a high-speed buffer that improves performance by storing recently accessed data from main memory.
This document summarizes different types of computer memory. It discusses internal processor memory, main memory, and secondary memory. Main memory includes RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and used for temporary storage, while ROM is non-volatile and used for permanent storage. The document also compares SRAM and DRAM, the two main types of RAM. It describes cache memory as a high-speed buffer that improves performance by storing recently accessed data from main memory.
This document summarizes different types of computer memory. It discusses internal processor memory, main memory, and secondary memory. Main memory includes RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and used for temporary storage, while ROM is non-volatile and used for permanent storage. The document also compares SRAM and DRAM, the two main types of RAM. It describes cache memory as a high-speed buffer that improves performance by storing recently accessed data from main memory.
This document summarizes different types of computer memory. It discusses internal processor memory, main memory, and secondary memory. Main memory includes RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and used for temporary storage, while ROM is non-volatile and used for permanent storage. The document also compares SRAM and DRAM, the two main types of RAM. It describes cache memory as a high-speed buffer that improves performance by storing recently accessed data from main memory.
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Memory Organization
Presented By: BURHAN UDDIN (666-41-13)along with RAFIA (666-39-04)
Supervised By: Priyam Chowdhury Lecturer of Depart . of CSE Southern University Bangladesh Organization
Part 1: Memory Basics
Part 2: Main Memory
Classification of Memory
A computer system contain a variety of memory devices to
stores instructions and
data for its operation. in general, memory components of a
computer system can be divided into three categories:
1 Internal processor memory(or built in memory)
2 Main memory or primary memory
3 Secondary memory Internal Processor Memory: Basically it comprises of a small set of high-speed register user as a working memory for temporary storage of instructions and data. some microprocessors also employ another type of built-in memory called cache. Main Memory: it is relatively a large memory. This memory is used for program and data storage during computer operation. Locations in main memory can be accessed directly and rapidly by the CUP. The technology used for main memory is based on semiconductor technology. Common example of main memory are RAM (Random access Memory) and ROM(Read only memory). Secondary Memory: This is generally much larger in capacity but is slower than main memory . It is used for storing system programs and large data file, which are not continually required by the CPU. information in secondary storage is accessed indirectly via input-output programs. Common types of secondary memory are magnetic disk, magnetic tape and optical disks. General Properties of Memory Device Memory are based on a number of physical phenomena and principles. Knowledge of these properties is essential in evaluating memory technologies. The characteristics and principles of some specific technologies are given below. 1 Access Time 2 cost 3 Access Modes 4 Alterability 5 Cycle Time and Data Transfer Rate 6 Data-Transfer Rate and Bandwidth 7 Physical Characteristics 8 Memory Capacity Memory Capacity:
Memory capacity is the number of 0s or 1s that a
memory can hold. The follow terms are used to denote memory capacity. Bit: In binary system o or 1 is called a bit, which is short for binary digit Byte: A group of eight bits is called a byte. A byte is used to represent one character (A, a etc), digit (o,4 etc) or some other special characters. The capacity of a computer s memory is expressed in number of bytes, Kilobyte: A kilobyte (K or KB) is about one million (precisely 1,048,579) Kilobyte: A kilobyte (K or KB) is about one million (precisely 1,048,579).
Megabyte: A megabyte (M or MB) is about one million
(precisely 1,048,876) bytes. Capacity of hard disks is expressed in gigabytes.
Terabyte: A terabyte represents about one trillion
(precisely 1,073,741,824) bytes. Memory Hierarchies A variety of factors should be considered to explore the hierarchy of memories. The major components are: nature of connection between memory and processor, cost per bit, access time and storage capacity. Shows the Memory hierarchy from is given below
Microprocessor Register Built-in cache/RAM External cache Main memory secondary memory Capacity On completion of this lesson part 1 we can know
Classification of memory Characteristics of memory device Memory hierarchy. Main Memory
Read only Memory
ROM (Read only Memory) is used for storing programs and
data permanently. The data and programs required for some applications are permanently stored in the ROM chip. Thus a user may read a program or data from ROM but may not write on ROM. The content of ROM is not altered when power is removed from the computer. it is therefore referred to as nonvolatile memory. ROM is generally used to store program, routines, and language interpreters for immediate access by the user of the system. There are three kinds of ROM
1. PROM (Programmable Read only Memory)
2. EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read only
Memory)
3. EEPROM (Electrical Erasable Prgrammable Read
only Memory) Random Access Memory
RAM (or Random Access Memory) is temporary storage that
can be read from or Written into by the user. RAM is used primarily to store user programs and data. the content of RAM is generally volatile, and is lost when power is removed. when the system is powered up, programs and data to be used must be read RAM through an input device. Access time for data stored in RAM generally ranges from a microsecond to a few nanoseconds.
There are two kinds of RAM
1 Static RAM 2 Dynamic RAM Difference between SRAM and DRAM follows
SRAM 1 SRAM stand for static Random Access Memory
2 High speed RAM
3 SRAM is costly
4 Does not require refreshing
5 Generally used for cache
6 control complexity is less
DRAM 1 DRAM stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory
2 Relatively slower
3 Relatively low cost
4 Requires refreshing periodically
5 Used for main memory
6 Relatively high control complexity
Differences between RAM and ROM are as follows
RAM
1 RAM stands for Random Access Memory
2 User can read or write into it
3 For a type of processing user must store program and
data into RAM
4 Temporary or volatile memory
ROM
1 ROM stands for Read only Memory
2 User can only read from it
3 Manufacturer stores instruction into the ROM
permanent or non-volatile memory
4 Permanent or non-volatile memory
Cache Memory
As mentioned earlier the memory is slower than the
CPU. System performance suffers when a fast device must wait to access data from a memory system. One way to improve the performance is to incorporate a cache memory between the CPU in main memory. Cache memory are high-speed buffers for holding recently accessed data in main memory. On completion of this lesson we can know
