ADVANCED

STRUCTURES
BY : MADHUMITHA.E
160101601023
DOMES

◦  dome (from Latin: domus) is an architectural element that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere. The precise
definition has been a matter of controversy. There are also a wide variety of forms and specialized terms to describe
them. A dome can rest upon a rotunda or drum, and can be supported by columns or piers that transition to the dome
through squinches or pendentives. A lantern may cover an oculus and may itself have another dome.
◦ Domes have a long architectural lineage that extends back into prehistory and they have been constructed from mud,
snow, stone, wood, brick, concrete, metal, glass, and plastic over the centuries. The symbolism associated with
domes includes mortuary, celestial, and governmental traditions that have likewise developed over time.
◦ Domes have been found from early Mesopotamia, which may explain the form's spread. They are found in
Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, and Chinese architecture in the Ancient world, as well as among a number of
contemporary indigenous building traditions. Dome structures were popular in Byzantine and medieval Islamic
architecture, and there are numerous examples from Western Europe in the Middle Ages.
The Renaissance architectural style spread from Italy in the Early modern period. Advancements in mathematics,
materials, and production techniques since that time resulted in new dome types. The domes of the modern world
can be found over religious buildings, legislative chambers, sports stadiums, and a variety of functional structures.
TYPE OF DOMES
◦ Geodesic dome
◦ Main article: Geodesic dome
◦ Geodesic domes are the upper portion of geodesic spheres. They are composed of a framework of triangles in
a polyhedron patternThe structures are named for geodesics and are based upon geometric shapes such
as icosahedrons, octahedrons or tetrahedrons.Such domes can be created using a limited number of simple elements and joints and
efficiently resolve a dome's internal forces. Their efficiency is said to increase with size.Although not first invented
by Buckminster Fuller, they are associated with him because he designed many geodesic domes and patented them in the United
States
◦ Hemispherical dome
◦ The hemispherical dome is a surface formed by the rotation around a vertical axis of a semicircle. Like other "rotational domes"
formed by the rotation of a curve around a vertical axis, hemispherical domes have circular bases and horizontal sections and are a
type of "circular dome" for that reason. They experience vertical compression along their meridians, but horizontally experience
compression only in the portion above 51.8 degrees from the top. Below this point, hemispherical domes experience tension
horizontally, and usually require buttressing to counteract it. According to E. Baldwin Smith, it was a shape likely known to the
Assyrians, defined by Greek theoretical mathematicians, and standardized by Roman builders
ONION DOME
◦ Bulbous domes bulge out beyond their base diameters, offering a profile greater than a hemisphere.
[An onion dome is a greater than hemispherical dome with a pointed top in an ogee profile. They are

found in the Near East, Middle East, Persia, and India and may not have had a single point of origin.
Their appearance in northern Russian architecture predates the Tatar occupation of Russia and so is not
easily explained as the result of that influence. They became popular in the second half of the 15th
century in the Low Countries of Northern Europe, possibly inspired by the finials of minarets in Egypt
and Syria, and developed in the 16th and 17th centuries in the Netherlands before spreading to Germany,
becoming a popular element of the baroque architecture of Central Europe. German bulbous domes were
also influenced by Russian and Eastern European domes. The examples found in various European
architectural styles are typically wooden. Examples include Kazan Church in Kolomoisky and
the Brighton Pavilion by John NashIn Islamic architecture, they are typically made of masonry, rather
than timber, with the thick and heavy bulging portion serving to buttress against the tendency of masonry
domes to spread at their bases. The Taj Mahal is a famous example.
TYPES OF DOME
◦ Saucer dome
◦ Also called segmental domes (a term sometimes also used for cloister vaults), or calottes these have profiles of less than half a
circle. Because they reduce the portion of the dome in tension, these domes are strong but have increased radial thrust. Many of
the largest existing domes are of this shape.

◦ Masonry saucer domes, because they exist entirely in compression, can be built much thinner than other dome shapes without
becoming unstable. The trade-off between the proportionately increased horizontal thrust at their abutments and their decreased
weight and quantity of materials may make them more economical, but they are more vulnerable to damage from movement in
their supports
◦ Umbrella dome
◦ Also called gadrooned flutedorgan-piped,pumpkin, melon, ribbed, parachute, scalloped, or lobed domes, these are a type of dome
divided at the base into curved segments, which follow the curve of the elevation. "Fluted" may refer specifically to this pattern as
an external feature, such as was common in Mamluk Egypt. The "ribs" of a dome are the radial lines of masonry that extend
from the crown down to the springing. The central dome of the Hagia Sophia uses the ribbed method, which accommodates a ring
of windows between the ribs at the base of the dome. The central dome of St. Peter's Basilica also uses this method.
OVAL DOME
• Oval in shape and profile.
• Combination of circular arcs, transitioning at points of tangency.
• Romans created these in exceptional circumstances.
• Medieval oval domes are mostly found to be covering rectangular bays
in churches.
GRID SLAB
• A waffle slab is a type of building material that has two-directional reinforcement on the outside of the material,
giving it the shape of the pockets on a waffle.
• This type of reinforcement is common on concrete, wood and metal construction.
• A waffle slab gives a substance significantly more structural stability without using a lot of additional material.
• This makes a waffle slab perfect for large flat areas like foundations or floors.

◦ CHARACTERISTICS
• Has two directional reinforcement.
• The top portion is generally smooth
CASE STUDY ON ICONIC LANDMARKS USING GRID
SLABS
METROPOL PAROSOL - ITALY

◦ Metropol Parasol, is a place of identification and to articulate Seville’s role as one of the world’s most
fascinating cultural destinations. It is a redevelopment of Plaza de la Encarnacion, Seville, Spain as its
role as a unique urban space within the dense fabric of the medieval inner city of Seville allows for a
great variety of activities such as memory, leisure and commerce. Highly developed infrastructure helps
to activate the square, making it an attractive destination for tourists and locals. Realized as one of the
largest and most innovative bonded timber-constructions with a polyurethane coating, the parasols grow
out of the archaeological excavation site into a contemporary landmark, defining a unique relationship
between the historical and the contemporary city. “Metropol Parasols” mix-used character initiates a
dynamic development for culture and commerce in the heart of Seville and beyond. The site area cover
by this project was around 18,000 square meters with the building area of 5,000 square meters. M
◦ This 4 levels of building with the height of 28.50 meters. The roof of Level 1 is the surface of the open-air public plaza, shaded by the
wooden parasols above and designed for public events. Levels 2 and 3 are the two stages of the panoramic terraces (including a
restaurant), offering one of the best views of the city center. Most of the surface and solid structure were built by using concrete,
timber and steel (Principal for exterior are timber and granite while principal for interior material were using concrete, granite and
steel). The project took around 1 year for planning and more than 6 years for construction with 90 million euro. 1
◦ PHASE 1:
◦ Concrete structure
◦ -The solid steel structure of the museum and marketplace and the steel/concrete
◦ structure for the high-level cafe are
◦ completed.
◦ -Two of the concrete cores that house lifts and four concrete plinths have been constructed.
◦ PHASE 2:
◦ Timber trunks
◦ -Construction of the timber trunks starts with the base plates at the top of the
◦ concrete plinths.
◦ -The timber panels, which are up to 16m high, are then set up according to a
◦ sequence which ensures temporary stability at all times.
◦ PHASE 3:
◦ Main structure
◦ -The individual elements immediately above the trunks are prepared at the plaza level before they are hoisted into place at high level.
◦ -The fire protection is constructed at the lower half of the trunks.
◦ PHASE 4:
◦ Scaffolding up
◦ -Scaffolding is built to temporarily support the main timber structure outside the area of the trunks.
◦ -Work started at the rear of the site and two cranes were needed to attend to the simultaneous erection
of scaffolding and timber.
◦ PHASE 5:
◦ Scaffolding down
◦ -Scaffolding is taken down zone by zone, from the outside of the structure inward, with continuous
control of the structure ensuring safety.
◦ -The overall plaza is repaved and all urban infrastructures finished.
◦ PHASE 6:
◦ Finishing touches
◦ -The entire scaffolding has been taken down, and the high-level walkway constructed on top of the
timber structure.
◦ -All services, such as lightning protection, are installed within the timber structure.
GALLERY
DOUBLE LAYERED
GRIDS Double layer grids comprise two systems of members on two
parallel levels (upper and bottom layer). Both these systems are
interlinked by bracing members (web members) . Two types of
double layer grids may be distinguished.
◦ Lattice grids where there are always top and bottom chords in the same
vertical plane.
• spatial grids, made up of triangular based pyramids, square or hexagonal.
Two kinds may be identified:
• one where the layer geometries are identical though displaced (offset grids),
• the other where the layer geometries are different (differential grids).

• PROPERTIES
• These systems are suitable for spans up to 100m. For greater spans, it is
necessary to incorporate triple layer grids, to avoid long members otherwise
necessary with the increased depth.
• The size of the constituent modules depends on several factors, principally:
span, load, cladding system, type of node, transportation and erection
facilities.
• For spans of between 30 and 40m, member lengths of about 1.5m to 3m are
acceptable
ADVANTAGES
• They are three dimensional structures which can withstand loads from any direction.
• They are hyper static, and buckling of some compression members does not cause the whole to collapse as
has been demonstrated by mathematical models and experiments.
• Their rigidity minimizes deflections.
• They have a very good fire resistance.
• Their composition allows factory pre-fabrication in modular elements, which are easily transported.
Fabrication precision ensures ease of assembly and erection.
• They allow a wide choice of support positions owing to modular construction.
• The space between the two layers may be used to install electricity, electrical and thermal piping, etc.
• Installation is carried out by bolting and may be done whatever the atmospheric conditions.
• They provide indisputable aesthetic qualities.
SINGLE LAYERED GRID
◦ Single layered grids are mentioned only as a reminder that these
systems are beam grillages which work in bending and torsion, rather
than under axial compression and tension.
TYPES
◦ Depending on the directions assigned to the members, grids may be
identified in two, or three directions Grids in two diagonal directions
are more rigid (beams follow the direction of the principal stresses of
the equivalent plates) and are widely used. Utilization is restricted to
about 10m of span.
TYPES OF CONNECTION
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
◦The method chosen for erection of a space frame depends on:
• Its behavior of load transmission
•Constructional details, so that it will meet the over all requirements
of quality, safety, speed of construction, and economy
•The scale of the structure being built, the method of jointing the
individual elements, and the strength and rigidity of the space frame
until its form is closed must all be considered