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CEE 411 Steel Structures W10-L01: Flexural Member Introduction, Analysis/Design Steps

This document summarizes key concepts related to steel beam design and analysis including: 1) Methods for analyzing flexural members and determining bending moments, stresses, and strengths. 2) Types of instability in beams including local buckling of flanges/webs and lateral-torsional buckling. 3) Procedures for checking beam stability including determining slenderness and evaluating against design limits. 4) Examples of analyzing and selecting beam sections based on bending capacity and serviceability requirements like deflection.

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332 views39 pages

CEE 411 Steel Structures W10-L01: Flexural Member Introduction, Analysis/Design Steps

This document summarizes key concepts related to steel beam design and analysis including: 1) Methods for analyzing flexural members and determining bending moments, stresses, and strengths. 2) Types of instability in beams including local buckling of flanges/webs and lateral-torsional buckling. 3) Procedures for checking beam stability including determining slenderness and evaluating against design limits. 4) Examples of analyzing and selecting beam sections based on bending capacity and serviceability requirements like deflection.

Uploaded by

hummayunkhan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CEE 411

STEEL STRUCTURES
W10-L01
Flexural Member Introduction,
Analysis/Design Steps
Revision of Sx, Zx, My, Mp Concepts
Example 5-1 pg 194

■ For the Built up section,


find My, Mp about x-axis
using A572 Gr 50.
Stability of Beams

■ If beams are sufficiently long, or have significantly thin flanges and/or webs then Mp
can’t be achieved fully.
■ Two types of instability can occur:
– Local Flange/Web buckling
– Member Level Buckling.
■ For Member Level Buckling, the buckling shape is a combination of lateral flexural
buckling and torsion of the entire section. This is collectively called “Lateral
Torsional Buckling”
■ Local Buckling concept is similar to slender Columns i.e. full cross section cant be used
to evaluate flexural/buckling strength.
Stability Contd.

■ Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB) is shown


in the figure on right.
■ To prevent such buckling mode, bracing is
required at regular intervals along the beam.
■ Such bracing can be either:
– Lateral bracing. (compression flange is
braced laterally)
– Torsional bracing(section is made stiff in
torsion to prevent rotation.)
– Combination of both (both torsion and
lateral sway are prevented)
Stability Contd. (Local Instability)
■ Local Instability of beams is similar to
locally slender compression members.
However, we have three ranges of
instability instead:
– Compact
– Non-Compact
– Slender
■ See Table B4.1b for these local limits
■ Majority of rolled W sections in AISC
manual (Ch 1) are compact shapes with a
few cases of noncompact flanges.
■ In case of built-up sections, both webs and
flange instability must be investigated.
Stability Contd. (Member Level
Instability-Lateral
■
Torsional Buckling)
Similar to Compression Critical Buckling
Stress curve, Flexural Buckling also has
similar concept.
■ For very small beam lengths, full Mp strength
can be achieved as shown in Fig on right.
■ For longer lengths, beam can have LTB in
either elastic range or inelastic range.
■ Mr is the My value corrected for residual
stresses. (0.7FySx) – assuming 30%Fy as
residual stresses on the beam
■ To design beams, its only a matter of finding
Lp, Lr limits and comparing against unbraced
beam length, Lb.
Compact Beams with Lb<Lp
Eg. 5.3 Pg. 200 Segui
■ The beam is simply supported with
continuous lateral bracing due to
top slab restraint.
■ Beam is W16x31 A992 steel.
■ Using LRFD, assess whether the
beam is adequate for applied loads?
Table(s) revisions
Lp, Lr Definition
Lateral Torsional Buckling Example
Example 5.4 Pg. 206-208 Segui
■ Determine the flexural Strength of a W14x68 A242 steel subjected to
■ A)Continuous lateral support
■ B) An unbraced length of 20ft Cb=1
■ C) An unbraced length of 30ft Cb=1
Local Buckling.
Example of Built up-Beam with non-
compact flange and no LTB action
■ See Pdf document “Beam Local
Stability” for solved example
Cb Concept/Calculation

■ This Factor accounts for non-uniform Moment Gradient that can be beneficial in
preventing Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB).
Cb factor Contd.
Some common Cb valued cases
Cb Value Example 5.5 pg 209

■ Determine the Cb value for a uniformly loaded simply supported W shape braced at its
ends only:
Illustration of Combined Local and Member Level Instability

• The effect of local non-


compactness of flange/web is
to reduce the Mp value to Mp’.
• This also changes the Lp
limiting value.
• The same idea of Mp’ can be
used for slender flanges.
Example 5.6 pg 212:

■ A simply supported beam with a span length of 45 feet is laterally supported at its ends
and is subjected to the following service loads:
■ Dead Load =400 lb/ft (including beam self weight)
■ Live Load= 1000lb/ft
■ Fy=50 ksi
■ Section: W14x90
Objective: Is the given beam section adequate for given loading
conditions and magnitude?
Example 5.6 contd:
Beam Shear
Basic Mechanics

■ Shear Stress distribution across a W


section is shown above.
■ For shear design, average shear
stress fv (avg)=V/Aw is used where
Aw is the area of the web
Shear Mechanics Contd.
Shear Contd.

■ Two shearing limit states exist:


– Web shear yielding
– Web shear buckling
■ Web shear yielding:

■ Web Shear buckling:


– It’s related with the h/tw ratio which represents a measure of its local slenderness.
Cv value given below is the ratio of critical shear buckling stress to web shear
yielding
■ Basic Shear Strength equation:
Shear Strength look up in tables
• You can
conveniently lookup
a W section’s
shear strength in
table 3-2.
• However table
limitations obviously
apply i.e. fixed
value of Fy , cant be
used for
custom/built up
sections or plate
girders
• See e.g. 5.7 Pg-
220 for shear
e.g.
Serviceability Consideration: Deflections
■ Vertical Sags or deflections of very flexible beams must be limited so as to prevent
damage to attached components.
■ Also large deflections can cause discomfort to the inhabitant of the building and give
the impression of an ‘unsafe’ building.
■ Deflection formulas for a variety of beams and loading conditions can be found in
PART 3 “Design of flexural members” pg. 3-213 tables 3-22, 3-23
■ See eg. 5.9 pg. 226 for a simple deflection check calculation.
Deflection Formulas for various
boundary conditions and loading

• For most beam designs, dead load


deflections don’t apply due to two types
of beam provisions:
• Beam Camber: This is the upward
hog imparted to beams through
heating of the section to counteract
the dead loads. After beam
installation, the beam dead load
downward deflection is cancelled out
by the hog of the beam.

• Concrete Ponding: This is the


variable concrete floor thickness due
to beam downward curvature while
the top surface is level with the
plumb.
• Hence, only the live load
deflection is a concern, mostly.
E.g 5.9 Deflection example pg. 226
(Segui)
■ Compute the dead load and live load
deflection
Beam Design
■ The general procedure for beam design is as follows:
1. Compute the required moment strength. Mu (LRFD), Ma (ASD)
2. Beam Self weight may be conservatively assumed or initially ignored in
preliminary beam design i.e. for first beam iteration
3. For continuously braced beams, (with no LTB failure limit state), Table 3-2 can
be used to select a section either by Zx or by phiMp criteria.
4. For bracing conditions that require evaluation of LTB failure limit state, beam
design charts may be used to quickly select a beam section that satisfies flexural
demands.
5. Finally after flexural check is ok (i.e. phiMn>=Mu (lrfd)), check beam for
serviceability i.e. deflection check.
6. Check beam for shear; Trivial check for most rolled sections but strictly speaking,
its required as part of beam design procedure.
E.g. 5.10 Design example 1

■ Select a rolled A992 W section for given loading and beam geometry.
■ Maximum permissible live load deflection is L/240.
e.g. 5.10 contd.
Example 5-12 (235-237)
■ Objective: Select W section with A992 steel for given geometry and loading. A point
Live load at midspan is applied along with a UDL of 30% dead load and rest as Live
load. Lateral bracing is provided at the ends and at the midspan.
Note:. This example will consider Beam Design Charts involving LTB action, the use of
Cb value and lastly the typical shear check
e.g. 5.12 contd.
Floor and Roof Framing Systems
■ Self Study: Go through Example 5.13 pg 241 Segui
Beam-Columns
P(axial)-M(moment) Interaction Concept
■ Realistically, many structural members such as beams and columns receive both the
axial forces and moments as part of a moment frame with fully rigid beam-column
connections.
■ For combined loading above, we need to use interaction equations such as those found
in AISC Chapter H
Interaction Equations for Combined P-M
loading
P-M Interaction Contd.
E.g. 6.1 pg 302-303

■ For the given Column geometry and loading with column bending about strong axis,
determine if the member satisfies interaction equations:

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