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Step 6 Data Analysis

This document discusses data analysis for business research. [1] Data analysis is used to evaluate data using logical reasoning to examine variables and answer research questions. [2] There are two types of data: qualitative data based on non-numerical information and quantitative data collected as numbers. [3] Descriptive analysis summarizes data characteristics while inferential analysis uses statistics to draw conclusions from samples to populations.

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Jerico de Guzman
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59 views23 pages

Step 6 Data Analysis

This document discusses data analysis for business research. [1] Data analysis is used to evaluate data using logical reasoning to examine variables and answer research questions. [2] There are two types of data: qualitative data based on non-numerical information and quantitative data collected as numbers. [3] Descriptive analysis summarizes data characteristics while inferential analysis uses statistics to draw conclusions from samples to populations.

Uploaded by

Jerico de Guzman
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Business Research

Step 6 – Data Analysis


Data Analysis

is a process of evaluating data using analytical and


logical reasoning to examine each component of the
data provided.
Purpose of Data Analysis

to answer the research questions and to help


determine the trends and relationships among the
variables.
Two Types of Data
1. Qualitative Data – comprises information that
isn’t collected in the form of numbers, and is
suited to influencing subjective perception of a
thing.
2. Quantitative Data – comprises information that is
collected in the form of numbers, and is suited to
influencing occurence of an objective outcome.
Steps in Data Analysis

Before data collection, the researcher should


accomplish the ff:
 Determine the method of Data Analysis
 Determine how to process the data
 Consult a statistician
Prepare dummy tables.
Steps in Data Analysis

After data collection :


 Process data
 Prepares tables and graphs
 Analyze and interpret findings
Consult again a statistician
Prepares editing
Prepares presentation
Kinds of Data Analysis

1. Descriptive Analysis
2. Inferential Analysis
Descriptive Analysis

- refers to the description of the data from a


particular sample.
- hence, the conclusion must refer only to the
sample.
- In other words, these summarize the data and
describe sample characteristics.
Classification of Descriptive Analysis
A. Frequency Distribution – a systematic arrangement of
numeric values from the lowest to the highest or highest
to the lowest.
Formula : Ef = N

where :
E = sum of
f = frequency
N = sample size
Classification of Descriptive Analysis
B. Measure of Central Tendency – a statistical index that
describes the average of the set values.

Kinds of Averages
• Mode – a numeric value in a distribution that occurs most
frequently.
• Median – an index of average position in distribution of numbers.
• Mean – the point on the score scale that is equal to the sum of
the scores divided by the total number of scores.
Classification of Descriptive Analysis
B. Measure of Central Tendency
Formula : x = ∑
n
where :
X = the mean
∑ = the sum of
X = each individual raw score
n = the number of cases
Classification of Descriptive Analysis

C. Measure of Variability – statistics that


concern the degree to which the scores in a
distribution are different from or similar to
each other.
Commonly used measures of variability

1. Range – the distance between the highest


score and the lowest score in a distribution.

Ex. The range for Learning Center A is 500 (750-250) and the
range for Learning Center B is 300 (650-350).
Commonly used measures of variability

2. Standard Deviation – the most commonly


used measures of variability that indicates the
average to which the scores deviate from the
mean.
Classification of Descriptive Analysis

D. Bivariate Descriptive Statistics – derived


from the simultaneous analysis of two
variables to examine the relationship between
the variables.
Commonly used bivariate descriptive analysis
1. Contingency Table – is essentially a two-
dimensioned frequency distribution in which the
frequencies of two variables are cross-
tabulated.
2. Correlation – the most common method of
describing the relationship between two
measures.
Inferential Analysis
- the use of statistical tests, either to test
for significant relationships among variable
or to find statistical support for the
hypothesis.
Inferential Statistics
- are numerical values that enable the
researcher to draw conclusion about a
population sample.
- this is based on the laws of probability.
Uses of Inferential Analysis
cited some statistical test for inferential analysis
1. t-test – is used to examine the difference between the
means of two independent groups.
2. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) – is used to test the
significance of differences between means of two or more
groups.
3. Chi-square – this is used to test hypothesis about the
proportion of elements that fall into various cells of a
contingency table.
Hypothesis – Testing Procedure

The outcome of the study perhaps may


retain, revise or reject the hypothesis and this
determines the acceptability of hypothesis and
the theory from which it was derived.
Steps in testing hypothesis

Determine the test statistics to be used


Establish the level of significance
Select a one-tailed or two-tailed test
Compute a test statistic
Calculate the degrees of freedom
Obtain a tabled value for statistical test
Compare the test statistics to the tabled value.
Other Importance of Data Analysis

It helps in structuring the findings from different


sources of data collection
Acts like a filter when it comes to acquiring
meaningful insights out of huge data-set.
Provides meaningful base to critical decision.
It helps in keeping human bias away from
research conclusion with the help of proper
statistical treatment.
Thank you !

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