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    Water Technology (Unit I)

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    ronnie1992
    Hard water is caused by the presence of salts like calcium, magnesium, and other metals which prevent soap from lathering and instead form a white precipitate; this hardness can be temporary and removed by boiling if from bicarbonates, or permanent if from chlorides/sulfates; hard water poses disadvantages like wasted soap, scale formation in boilers, and effects on industrial processes.

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    Water Technology (Unit I)

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    ronnie1992
    107 views24 pages
    Hard water is caused by the presence of salts like calcium, magnesium, and other metals which prevent soap from lathering and instead form a white precipitate; this hardness can be temporary and removed by boiling if from bicarbonates, or permanent if from chlorides/sulfates; hard water poses disadvantages like wasted soap, scale formation in boilers, and effects on industrial processes.

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    Water Technology (Unit i)

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    Hard water is caused by the presence of salts like calcium, magnesium, and other metals which prevent soap from lathering and instead form a white precipitate; this hardness can be temporary and removed by boiling if from bicarbonates, or permanent if from chlorides/sulfates; hard water poses disadvantages like wasted soap, scale formation in boilers, and effects on industrial processes.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    107 views24 pages

    Water Technology (Unit I)

    Uploaded by

    ronnie1992
    Hard water is caused by the presence of salts like calcium, magnesium, and other metals which prevent soap from lathering and instead form a white precipitate; this hardness can be temporary and removed by boiling if from bicarbonates, or permanent if from chlorides/sulfates; hard water poses disadvantages like wasted soap, scale formation in boilers, and effects on industrial processes.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 24

    Hardness of water

    Hardness in water is that characteristic , which prevents the lathering of soap


    Due to presence of salts of Ca, Mg, and other heavy metals

    Sample of hard water , when treated with soap ( Na or K salt of higher fatty acid,
    Oleic , palmitic or stearic) does not produce lather but on the other hand
    forms a white scum or precipitate . This is due to insoluble soaps of Ca and Mg .

    Water which does not produce lather with soap solution but forms white curd
    called Hard water

    Water which lathers easily on shaking with soap solution is called soft water
    Hardness of water
    Water which does not produce lather with soap solution but forms white curd
    called Hard water

    Water which lathers easily on shaking with soap solution is called soft water

    2 C17H35COONa + CaCl2 (C17H35COO)2Ca +2NaCl

    Sodium Stearate Hardness In soluble

    2 C17H35COONa + MgSO4 (C17H35COO)2Mg +2NaCl

    Sodium Stearate In soluble


    (soap)
    Temporary or carbonate Hardness

    Is caused by dissolved bicarbonates of Ca, and Mg and other heavy


    metals and carbonate of ion.

    This hardness can be destroyed by mere boiling of water, when


    bicarbonates decomposed yielding carbonates or hydroxides which are
    deposited as crust at the bottom of vessel

    Heat
    Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
    In soluble
    Heat
    Mg(HCO3)2 Mg(OH)2 + 2CO2

    In soluble
    Permanent or non carbonate Hardness

    Is caused by dissolved chlorides and sulphates of Ca, and Mg , iron


    and other heavy metals ion.

    This hardness can not be destroyed by boiling of water


    Concentration of hardness as well as non hardness constituting
    ions are usually expressed in terms of equivalent amount of CaCO3

    This mode permits multiplication and division of concentration


    and this choice is due to the Molecular weight of CaCO3: = 100;
    Equivalent weight = 50

    And CaCO3 is most insoluble in water and can be precipitated in


    Water treatment
    Units of Hardness
    1. Parts per million (ppm)
    1 part of CaCO3 equivalent hardness per 106 parts of water

    2. Milligrams per liter (mg/L): Number of mg of CaCO3 equivalent


    hardness present per liter of water
    1mg /L = 1 mg of CaCO3 equivalent hardness of 1L of water
    but 1L water weights = 1Kg = 1000 g = 1000X1000mg = 106 mg
    Hence 1mg/L = 1 ppm

    3. Clarke’s degree (oCl): number of grains (1/7000 lb) of CaCO3


    equivalent hardness per gallon (10 lb) of water
    Or parts of CaCO3 equivalent hardness per 70000 parts of water
    4. Degree French (oFr): parts of CaCO3 equivalent hardness per
    105 parts of water
    1 oFr = 1 parts of CaCO3 equivalent hardness per 105 parts of
    water

    5. Milli equivalent per liter (meq/L): Number of milli equivalents


    of hardness present per liter
    1 meq/L = 1meq of CaCO3 per L of water
    = 10-3 X 50 g of CaCO3 eq per liter
    = 50 mg /L of CaCO3 eq = 50 ppm
    Hardness of water

    The equivalents of CaCO3 = [Mass of hardness producing substance X chemical equivalent of CaCO 3]
    Chemical equivalent of Hardness producing substance

    The equivalents of CaCO3 = [Mass of hardness producing substance X 50]

    Chemical equivalent of Hardness producing substance

    Ca(HCO3)2 : Molar Mass: 162 chemical equivalent = 81


    Mg(HCO3)2 : MM =146 C.E. = 73
    CaSO4 : MM = 136 C.E. = 68
    MgSO4 : MM = 120 C.E. = 60
    CaCl2 : MM = 111 C.E. = 55.5
    MgCl2 : MM = 95 C.E. = 47.5
    MgCO3 : MM = 84 C.E. = 42
    CaCO3 : MM =100 C.E. = 50
    Disadvantages of Hard Water
    In domestic :

    Washings :
    Wastage of lot of soap, white sticky precipitate adheres on the
    fabric giving spots and streaks. Irons salts could cause for
    staining of cloth

    Bathing : White mass deposits on the bath tub and body, cleaning
    quality soap is depressed

    Cooking : boiling point of water is elevated due to the presence


    of ions. More fuel and time is required. Pulses, beans and peas
    do not cook properly with hard water. Salty material deposits
    on cooking utensil. Un-pleasent taste of tea or coffee if prepared
    using hard water

    Drinking : Bad effect on our digestive system.


    Possibility of forming calcium oxalate crystals in urinary tract is
    increased
    Disadvantages of Hard Water
    In industrial use :

    Textile industry : Wastage of lot of soap, white sticky precipitate


    adheres on the fabric giving spots and streaks. These fabrics when
    dyed do not provide exact shade of color
    Irons salts could cause for staining of cloth.

    Sugar industry : Water containing sulphate, nitrite, alkali carbonate


    refining causes difficulties in the crystalization of sugar

    Dyeing industry : Ca, Mg, and Fe salts in hard water may react with
    costly dyes forming undesirable precipitates. It could give impure
    shades of color and spots on the fabric
    Paper industry : Ca, Mg, salts in hard water tend to react with
    chemicals and other material employed to provide smooth and
    shining finish to paper. Iron salt could give undesired color to the
    paper.
    Laundry: Waste of soap; Iron salt could give undesired color to the
    cloth
    Concrete making: Water containing chlorine and sulphates could
    affect
    Hydration of cement which eventually affects the strength of
    concrete

    Pharmaceutical industry: Undesirable products will be obtained if


    hard water is used in drug manufacturing industry
    Disadvantages of Hard Water

    In steam generation in boilers:


    To generate stream , boilers are extensively used. If
    hard water used in boilers, many troubles arises due to
    the salt content

    i) Scale and sludge formation

    ii) Corrosion

    iii) Priming and foaming

    iv) Caustic embrittlement


    Sludge and Scale
    In Boiler, water evaporates continuously and salt concentration
    Increases progressively.
    When salt concentration reaches its saturation point, they
    precipitate out of water.

    If precipitate is loose and slimy, it is called Sludge

    If the precipitated matter forms hard , adhearing crust/coating on the inner


    walls of boiler, it called Scale
    Scale and sludge formation

    Sludge: It can be easily scrapped off with wire brush


    It formed at colder part of the boiler
    It collects in the area where flow rate is slow or bends

    Scale: These are formed by the salts which has greater solubility
    in hot water than cold water
    MgCO3,MgCl2, CaCl2,MgSO4

    Disadvantages_ Sludge

    Sludges are poor conductors; wastage of heat that generated

    If Sludges formed with scale, former gets trapped in the latter


    and both get deposited as scales

    Excessive sludge formation disturbs the working boiler . It settle


    In the region of poor water circulation such as pipe connection,
    Plug opening, gauge-glass connection: choking of the pipes
    Scale and sludge formation
    Disadvantages_ Scale
    1. Wastage of fuel
    Scales are low thermal conductivity: rate of heat transfer from
    boiler to water is low: To get excess heat, fuel consumption is high

    2. Lowering the boiler safety


    Over heating results boiler material softener and weaker and it
    distorts boiler tube

    3. Decrease in effeciency
    Scales sometimes deposits on valves and condenser of the
    boiler. It chokes them partially

    4. Danger of explosion
    When thick scale crack due to uneven expansion, water
    comes out and touches over heated iron plates. This results
    high stream supply subsequently generates high pressure which may
    even cause explosion
    Sludge and Scale

    Formation of Scales is due to

    1. Decomposition of CaHCO3
    Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
    Scale
    CaCO3 scale is soft. This type scale forms in low pressure
    Boilers.
    However, in high pressure boilers, CaCO3 is soluble

    CaCO3 + H2O Ca(OH)2 + CO2


    soluble
    Sludge and Scale

    Formation of Scales is due to

    2. Deposition of CaSO4

    Solubility of CaSO4 in water decreases with rise of


    Temperature.

    At 15oC, 3200 ppm,


    At 55oC, 55 ppm
    At 320oC 27 ppm

    Hence, CaSO4 gets precipitated as hard Scale at heated


    Portions of the Boiler soluble
    This is main cause of scales in high pressure Boilers
    CaSO4 scale is quite adherent and difficult to remove
    Sludge and Scale

    Formation of Scales is due to

    3. Hydrolysis of Mg salts

    Dissolved Mg salts undergo hydrolysis at high temperature


    In side the boiler forming MgOH2 precipitate as soft Scale

    MgCl2 + 2 H2O Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl


    Scale
    Sludge and Scale

    Formation of Scales is due to

    4. Presence of silica (SiO2)

    Even small amount of silica in water deposits as Calcium


    silicate or Magnesium silicate

    Ca(SiO3) and Mg(SiO3)

    These stick very firmly and very difficult to remove

    Source of silica in water: sand filter


    Removal of Scale

    1. With the help of scraper or piece of wood or wire brush


    If they are loosely adhering

    2. Thermal shocks ( heating and sudden cooling with cold water)


    if they are brittle

    3. Dissolving scales by using chemicals


    if they are adherent and hard
    CaCO3 scales: 5-10% HCl
    CaSO4 Scales: EDTA (which forms soluble complexes)

    4. By frequent blow down operation


    if they are loosely adhering
    Prevention of Scales Formation

    1. External treatment : Using softening water

    2. Internal treatment (sequestration):


    Dissolved salt ions are complexed with chemicals to give
    soluble salts

    a. Precipitate the scale forming impurities n the form of sludge


    which can be removed by blow-down operation

    b. Convert to dissolved compounds which stays in water but do not cause


    any harm

    Blow down operation:


    Partial removal of hard water through top at the bottom of the boiler
    Addition of fresh softened water to make up after blow-down
    1. Colloidal conditioning: In low pressure boiler scale can be
    Avoided by using kerosene, tannin, agar-agar gel etc.
    Scale gets coated to give non sticky and loose deposits and this
    can be removed by blow-down operation

    2. Phosphate conditioning: In high pressure boiler, scale can


    be avoided by adding sodium phosphate
    3 CaCl2 + 2 Na3PO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + 6 NaCl
    Hard scale Soft sludge

    Soft, non-adherent sludge of calcium and magnesium


    phosphates can be removed by blow-down operation

    NaH2PO4 (acidic); Na2HPO4 (weakly alkaline);


    Na3PO4 (alkaline)

    Choice of salt depends upon the alkalinity of boiler-feed water


    3. Carbonate conditioning: In low pressure boilers, Na2CO3
    addition avoids scale formation
    CaSO4 is converted to CaCO3

    CaSO4 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + Na2SO4


    scale Loose sludge
    Can be removed by blow down
    To be continued in next class

    4. Calgon conditioning

    5. Treatment with sodium Aluminate

    6. Electric conditioning

    7. Radioactive conditioning

    8. Complexometric method

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