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(PDF) Laser Diode

A laser diode is a small semiconductor device that produces coherent light through stimulated emission. It consists of a p-n junction made of gallium arsenide layers that form when a p-type and n-type semiconductor are joined. When an electrical current is applied, electrons are boosted from the valence to conduction band. Electrons in the conduction band recombine with holes, releasing photons. Stimulated emission occurs when photons stimulate the emission of more coherent photons that exit through the partially reflective end of the diode, producing a narrow laser beam.

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Santosh Sundar
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412 views16 pages

(PDF) Laser Diode

A laser diode is a small semiconductor device that produces coherent light through stimulated emission. It consists of a p-n junction made of gallium arsenide layers that form when a p-type and n-type semiconductor are joined. When an electrical current is applied, electrons are boosted from the valence to conduction band. Electrons in the conduction band recombine with holes, releasing photons. Stimulated emission occurs when photons stimulate the emission of more coherent photons that exit through the partially reflective end of the diode, producing a narrow laser beam.

Uploaded by

Santosh Sundar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Presentation on Laser diode

Group members:
Shahid Hussaìn (069)
Saqlain raza (068)
Ashfaq Hussain (064)
LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
A laser diode is an electronic device, which converts electrical energy into
light energy to produce high intensity coherent light.
Laser diode is very small in size and appearance.
It is similar to a transistor and has operation like LED but it emit coherent
light.
The material which often used in Laser diode is the gallium Arsenide (GaAs).
It is also called injection laser diode.
It work on forward biasing.
Anode( €aDode(-
+) )
The laser diode is made of two doped gallium arsenide layers. One doped
gallium arsenide layer will produce an n-type semiconductor whereas
another doped gallium arsenide layer will produce a p type semiconductor. In
laser diodes, selenium, aluminum, and silicon are used as doping agents.
P N junction

When a p type layer is joined with the n type layer, a p n junction is formed.
The point at which the p type and n-type layers are joined is called p n
junction. The p-n junction separates the p type and n-type semiconductors.
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beam of light in .!cser diodes
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AbSOrption of energy:
z• Absorption of energy is the process of absorbing energy from the
external energy sources.
z• In laser diodes, electrical energy or DC voltage is used as the external energy
source. When the DC voltage or I2lectrical energy supplies enough energy to
the '.›lence eter ti ‹ i/s or valence band electrons, they break bonding with thR
parent atom and jumps into the higher energy level (conduction band). The
electrons in the conduction band are known as free £^lectrons.
When the valence electron leaves the valence shelt, an empty space is
created at the pOint from which electron left. This empty space in the
valence shetl is called a hole.
Thus, both free electrons and holes are generated as a pair because of the
absorption of energy from the external DC source.

Ab s or p t i o n
Spontaneous emission:

Spontaneous emission is the process of emitting light or photons naturally


while electrons falling to the lower energy state.
In laser diodes, the valence band electrons or valence electrons are in the
lower energy state. Therefore, the holes generated after the valence
electrons left are also in the lower energy state.
On the other hand, the conduction band electrons or free electrons are in the
higher energy state. In simple words, free electrons have more energy than
holes.
The free electrons in the conduction band need to lose their extra energy in
order to recombine with the holes in the valence band.
The free electrons in the conduction band will not stay for long period. After
a short period, the free electrons recombine with the lower energy holes by
releasing energy in the form of photons.
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Stimulated
emiSSlOD'

Stimulated emission is the process by which excited electrons or free


electrons are stimulated to fall into the lower energy state by releasing
energy in the form of light. The stimulated emission is an artificial process.
In stimulated emission, the excited electrons or free electrons need not wait
for the completion of their lifetime. Before the completion of their lifetime,
the incident or external photons will force the free electrons to recombine
with the holes. In stimulated emission, each incident photon will generate
two photons.
All the photons genRrated due to the stimulated emission will travel in the
same direction. As a result, a narrow beam of high intensity laser light is
produced.
Cont..
.

FPlø
ełeotFon

Stimulated emission
When DC voltagR i5 applied across the laser diode, the free electrons move
across the junction region from the n type material to the p-type material. In
this process, some electrons will directly interact with the valence electrons
and excites them to the higher energy level whereas some other electrons
will recombine with the holes in the p type semiconductor and releases
energy in the form of light. This process of emission is called spontaneous
emission.
The photons generated due to spontaneous emission will travel through the
junction region and stimulate the excited el‹?ctrons (free electrons). As a
result, more photons are released. This process of light or photons emission is
called stimulated emission. The light generated due to stimulated emission
will moves parallel to the junction.
The two ends of the laser diode structure are optically reflective. One end is
fully reflective whereas another end is partially reflective. The fully
reflective end will reflect the light completely whereas the partially
reflective end will reflect most part of the light but allows a small amount of
light.
The light generated due to the stimulated emission is escaped through the
partially reflective Rnd of the laser diode to produce a narrow beam laser
light.

All the photons generated due to the stimulated emission will travel in the
same direction. Therefore, this light will travel to long distances without
spreading in the space.
Dìagi
am te
photon

H›qłdy
reflective
end end

Emiss›o
Simple cOnStruc
tion
Lightweight
Very cheap
Small size
Highly reliable c Ompared IO other types of lasers.
LOnger operating life
High efficienc y
Mirrors are not required in the semiconductor
lasers.
LOw power consumption
Not suitable for the applications where high powers are required.
Semiconduc tor lasers are highly dependent On temperature.
Laser diodes are used in laser pointers.
Laser diodes are used in fiber optic communica tions.
Laser diodes are used in barcode readers.
Laser diodes are used in laser printing.
Laser diodes are used in laser scanning.
Laser diOdes are used in range finder

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