CCNA Guide to Cisco

Networking
Chapter 8: Routing Protocols and
Network Address Translation
 Objectives
• Understand the purpose and operation of
network address translation (NAT)
• Configure static NAT, dynamic NAT, and
dynamic NAT with overload
• Understand and configure port address
translation (PAT)
• Differentiate between nonroutable, routed, and
routing protocols
• Define Interior Gateway Protocols, Exterior
Gateway Protocols, distance-vector routing
protocols, and link-state routing protocols

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 Objectives (continued)
• Explain the concepts of count-to-infinity,
split horizon, split horizon with poison
reverse, and hold-down timers
• Describe, configure, and monitor the
interior routing protocols RIP and IGRP
• Explain static routing and administrative
distance
• Configure static routing and default routes
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 Network Address Translation
• Static NAT
• Dynamic NAT
• Port Address Translation
• Dynamic Nat with overload
• Overlapping

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Network Address Translation
(continued)

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Network Address Translation
(continued)

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Network Address Translation
(continued)

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Configuring Network Address
Translation
• Configure static NAT
– Define static mapping between the inside address
and the outside address
– Define the router’s interfaces as inside or outside
• Basic NAT interface assignment
– RouterA(config)# int fa 0/0
– RouterA(config-if)# ip nat inside
– RouterA(config-if)# int serial 0/1
– RouterA(config-if)# ip nat outside

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 Configuring Dynamic NAT
• Configure a standard access control list to
define what internal traffic will be
translated
• Define a pool of addresses to be used for
dynamic NAT allocation
• Link the access list to the NAT pool
• Define interfaces as either inside or
outside
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 Configuring Dynamic NAT
(continued)
• Dynamic NAT router configurations
– RouterA(config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.0
0.0.0.255
– RouterA(config)# ip nat pool PoolExample
209.86.192.200 209.86.192.240 netmask 255.255.255.0
– RouterA(config)# ip nat inside source list 1 pool
PoolExample
– RouterA(config)# int fa 0/0
– RouterA(config-if)# ip nat inside
– RouterA(config-if)# int serial 0/1
– RouterA(config-if)# ip nat outside

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 Configuring Port Address
Translation To An Outside
Interface

• Configure PAT router commands

– Configure a standard access list to define
what internal traffic will be translated
– Link the access list to the interface to be used
for PAT
– Define interfaces as either inside or outside

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 Configuring Port Address
Translation To An Outside
Interface (continued)
• PAT router commands
– RouterA(config)# access-list 1 permit
192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255
– RouterA(config)# ip nat inside source list 1
interface serial 0/1 overload
– RouterA(config)# interface serial 0/1
– RouterA(config-if)# ip nat outside
– RouterA(config-if)# interface fa 0/0
– RouterA(config-if)# ip nat inside
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 Configuring Port Address
Translation To An Outside
Interface (continued)

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 Configuring Dynamic NAT
With Overload
• Dynamic NAT with overload is a mixture of
dynamic NAT and PAT
– Dynamic NAT: Pool of inside addresses to a
small pool of outside addresses
– PAT: Same pool of inside addresses to an
single outside address
– PAT function becomes available when pool of
outside addresses are all in use
• Use dynamic NAT and PAT configurations
using the same pool of inside addresses
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 Nonroutable Protocols
• Peer-to-peer networks
• Microsoft Windows operation systems
– NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface (NetBEUI)
• Very small
• Fast
• Efficient
• Cannot scale

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 Nonroutable Protocols
(continued)

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 Routed Protocols
• Routed protocols
• Support networks
• Logical addresses
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP)
• Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequence
Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX)

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Routed Protocols (continued)

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 Routing Protocols
• Path determination
• Routing tables
– Metric
– Autonomous system (AS)
– Convergence
• Interior gateway protocols (IGP)
– Routing information protocol (RIP)
– Interior gateway routing protocol (IGRP)
– Enhanced Interior gateway routing protocol (EIGRP)
– Open shortest path first (OSPF)
• Exterior gateway protocols (EGP)
– Border gateway protocol (BGP)

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Routing Protocols (continued)

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Routing Protocols (continued)

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 Two Types Of IGPs
• Distant vector and link-state
• Distant-vector
– Routing by rumor
– Routing loops
– Count-to-infinity
– Split horizon
– Split horizon with poison reverse
– Hold-down timers

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 Two Types Of IGPs
(continued)
• Link-state
– Link-state advertisements (LSA)
– Shortest path first (SPF) algorithm
– Link-state packets
• Common view of the topology
– Floods or multicasts LSPs
– Triggered updates

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 Two Types Of IGPs
(continued)

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 Two Types Of IGPs
(continued)

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 Two Types Of IGPs
(continued)

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 Two Types Of IGPs
(continued)

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 Two Types Of IGPs
(continued)

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Routing Information Protocol
• RIP has the following attributes
– Distance-vector routing protocol
– Maximum hop count of 15
– 16 hops is considered infinity
– Hop count is the only metric available for path
selection
– Broadcasts the entire routing table to neighbors every
30 seconds
– Capable of load balancing
– Easy to configure

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 Enabling RIP Routing

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 Enabling RIP Routing
(continued)

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 Configuring RIP Routing For
Each Major Network
• Design the network for the appropriate
networks
• Configure interfaces to be gateways for
networks
• Configure routing protocol
• In router mode establish networks to be
advertised

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 Configuring RIP Routing For
Each Major Network (continued)

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 Configuring RIP Routing For
Each Major Network (continued)

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 “show ip protocol” and
“debug ip rip” (continued)

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 “show ip protocol” and
“debug ip rip” (continued)

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 “show ip route” Command

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 “show ip route” Command
(continued)

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 “show ip route” Command
(continued)

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 Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol
• Proprietary distance-vector routing
protocol
• Supports hop count of 255
– 100 is the default hop count
• Supports up to four equal cost paths
• Routing table updates every 90 seconds

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 Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol (continued)
• IGRP metrics
– Hops: Number of routers between source and
destination networks
– Load: The load on a link in the path
– Bandwidth: The speed of the link (default)
– Reliability: Measures reliability with a scale of
0 to 255
– Delay: The delay on the medium (default)
– MTU: The size of the datagram
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 Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol (continued)

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 Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol (continued)

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 Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol (continued)

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 Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol (continued)

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 Static Routing
• Adding static routes
– Router(config)# ip route [destination
network/destination ip address] [next hop ip
address/forwarding interface] [administrative distance]
– RouterD(config)# ip route 172.32.3.0 255.255.255.0
172.32.2.2
• Changing administrative distance
– Default administrative distance of a static route is
• 0 if a forwarding interface is configured
• 1 if a next hop ip address is configured
– Router(config)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0
192.168.4.2. 150

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 Static Routing (continued)

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 Configuring A Default Route
• Routing protocols do not behave equally
with default routes
– Router(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [next
hop ip address/forwarding interface]
[administrative distance]
• Router(config)# ip default-network
[forwarding ip address]

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Configuring A Default Route
(continued)

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 Summary
• NAT is a technology that allows organizations to map
valid external addresses to private or unregistered
internal addresses
• This allows organizations to maintain a separation
between the Internet and the intranet (internal network)
while still providing access to the Internet
• Organizations can use NAT to allow many more people
to access the Internet by sharing one or more valid
public addresses
• PAT allows an organization to map more than one
internal private IP address to a public IP address

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 Summary (continued)
• Protocols vary in their functions, some protocols are
designed to be used in small networks without the
need for Network layer addressing
• These protocols are described as nonroutable
protocols, the most common nonroutable protocol is
NetBEUI
• Other protocols were designed with the ability to move
between multiple networks via Network layer
addressing
• These protocols are routed protocols, the most
common routed protocol suite is TCP/IP
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 Summary (continued)
• Protocols must be available that can find the best path
throughout an internetwork and relay that information to
routers
• Routing protocols serve this function on modern
networks
• Routing protocols are classed in two major groups:
Interior Gateway Protocols and Exterior Gateway
Protocols
• Interior Gateway Protocols are routing protocols that
function within a single autonomous system
• Exterior Gateway Protocols function as routing protocols
between autonomous systems

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 Summary (continued)
• Interior routing protocols are further divided into
distance-vector and link-state routing protocols
• These two types of Interior Gateway Protocols use very
different methods to determine the best path in an
internetwork
• Distance-vector protocols periodically broadcast entire
routing tables to neighbor routers
• Link-state protocols multicast link updates to routers in
their area upon startup and when network topology
changes
• Two common distance-vector IGPs are the Routing
Information Protocol and the Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol

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 Summary (continued)
• RIP is an easy-to-configure routing
protocol that uses hop count as its sole
metric
• RIP has a hop count limit of 15
• RIP uses split horizon, split horizon with
poison reverse, and hold-down timers to
help limit routing loops
• RIP can be used on Cisco and non-Cisco
routers
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 Summary (continued)
• IGRP is also a distance-vector routing protocol
with maximum hop count of 255
• IGRP is not limited to using hop count as its sole
metric
• IGRP can also use load, bandwidth, reliability,
and delay when determining best path
• IGRP uses only bandwidth and delay by default
• IGRP is a Cisco proprietary protocol and can
only be used on Cisco routers
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 Summary (continued)
• Static routes are used to conserve
bandwidth and lower memory and CPU
load on a router while still allowing for
correct routing table creation
• Static routes give administrators control
and flexibility in path selection in a network

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