Operators and

Hierarchy
 Types of
Operators

Increment/
Arithmetic Logical Bitwise
Decrement

Relational Assignment Conditional Special

 Precedence of
Operators
• There are 2 different priorities of arithmetic expression
• High Priority: * / %
• Low Priority: + -

• The equation is evaluated in two passes

• First pass: High priority operators
• Second pass: Low priority operators
 Expression: x=9-12/3+3*2-
• 1st Pass 1
x=9-4+3*2-1
x=9-4+6-1

• 2nd Pass
x=5+6-1
x=11-1
x=10
Rules for Evaluation of
Expression
• Parenthesized sub expression from left to right are evaluated

• If parenthesis are nested evaluation begins with innermost braces

• If operators of same precedence are encounter then associativity is

used

• Arithmetic expression are evaluated from left to right

Operator Description Precedence Associativity
() Parentheses (function call) (see Note 1) left-to-right
[] Brackets (array subscript)
. Member selection via object name 1
-> Member selection via pointer
++ -- Postfix increment/decrement (see
Note 2)
++ -- Prefix increment/decrement right-to-left
+ - Unary plus/minus
!~ Logical negation/bitwise complement
(type) Cast (change type)
* Dereferenc 2
& e Address
sizeof Determine
size in bytes
*/ % Multiplication/division/modulus 3 left-to-right
+ - Addition/subtraction 4 left-to-right
<< >> Bitwise shift left, Bitwise shift right 5 left-to-right
< <= Relational less than/less than or equal to left-to-right
> >= Relational greater than/greater than or equal to 6

== != Relational is equal to/is not equal to 7 left-to-right

& Bitwise AND 8 left-to-right
^ Bitwise exclusive OR 9 left-to-right
| Bitwise inclusive OR 10 left-to-right
&& Logical AND 11 left-to-right
|| Logical OR 12 left-to-right
?: Ternary conditional 13 right-to-left
= Assignment right-to-left
+= -= Addition/subtraction assignment
*= /= Multiplication/division assignment
%= &= Modulus/bitwise AND assignment 14
^= |= Bitwise exclusive/inclusive OR assignment
<<= >>= Bitwise shift left/right assignment

, Comma (separate expressions) 15 left-to-right

 Type
Conversions

Implicit Explicit

In
Automatic Assignments

The data type of one operand is converted into data type of another operand
Implicit Type
Conversion
• Implicit type conversion, also known as coercion

• An automatic type conversion by the compiler

• If operands are of different types than lower type is automatically

converted to higher type
Automatic

long double

double

float

int

char, short int

In
Assignment
• Type of right hand side is converted to type of left hand side

• If right hand operand is lower rank than it will be promoted

• float = int
• int = char

• If right hand operand is higher rank than it will be demoted

• char=int
• int=float
Explicit/Type
Casting
• Is done with the help of cast operator

• Cast operator is a unary operator that is used for converting an

expression to a particular data type

• Syntax:
• (datatype) expression

• Ex:
int x,y;
float x=(float)x/y;
Input/Output
 Types of
Operations

Input Output

The set of library functions that perform input-output operation is known as

standard input/output library (stdio.h)
 Reading a
Character
• getchar();

• Accepts any character keyed in including

• return (enter)
• tab space

• Ex:
char variable_name;
variable_name=getchar();
 Writing a
Character
• putchar(variable_name);

• Displays char represented by var_name on the terminal

• Ex:
char c=getchar();
putchar(c);
Conversion
Specifications
Specifier meaning

%c a single character

%d or %i decimal integer

%f or %e or %g floating point number

%lf long range floating point (double)

%Lf long double

%h short int

%s string

%u unsigned decimal integer

%o octal integer

%x hexadecimal

%[…] Read a string of words

 Formatted
Input
• C provides scanf() function for entering input data
• Syntax
• scanf(“control string”, address1, address2….);

• Control string specifies the format in which data has to

be entered

• address1, address2 specifies the address of locations

where
data is to be stored
 Examples Integer
Numbers
• Format: %wd
• w is the field width

• Ex 1
int marks;
scanf(“%d”,&marks)
;

• Ex 2
char str[30];
scanf(“%s”,str); Value will not be stored in str
• Ex 3
int basic,da; scanf(“%d
%d”,&basic,&da);
• Ex 4
int hra,da;
scanf(“%d:%d”,&hra,&da);

1500:200
• Ex 5
int num1,num2;
scanf(“%2d %5d”,&num1,num2);

21345 50
• 21 will be assigned to num1 and 345 will be assigned to
num2 and 50 that is unread will be assigned to next scanf
call
• Ex 6
int a,b;
scanf(“%d %*d %d”, &a,&b);

• 123 to a
• 456 skipped (because of 123 456 789
*)
• 789 to b
 Examples Real
Numbers
• Ex 1
float x;
scanf(“%f”,&x);

• Assigns: 4.321 to x 43.21e-1

• Ex 2
double y;
scanf(“%lf”,&y);
 Examples char and
• Ex 1
string
char name1[15];
scanf(“%15c”,&name1);

• Ex 2
char name2[20];
scanf(“%s”,&name2);

• Ex 3
char add[20];
scanf(“%[a-z]”,&add);

• Ex 4
char add[20];
scanf(“%[^\n]”,&add);
Rules for
scanf
• Each variable must have a field specification
• For each field specification there must be variable address
• The scanf reads until
• A white space is found in numeric specification
• the maximum number of characters have been read
• An error is detected
• The end of file is reached
Formatted
Output
• printf() is used for printing results

• printf(“control string”, arg1,arg2…..);

• Control String specifies

• characters that will be printed on screen
• Format Specifications
• Escape sequence characters
 Example
s
• printf(“Programming in C”);
• printf(“\n”);
• printf(“%d”,x);
• printf(“x=%d\n”,x);
• printf(“The value of a is %d”,a);

• printf does not supply new line automatically. Thus ‘\n’ is used
Integer
Examples
• printf(“%d”,9678);
9 6 7 8

• printf(“%6d”,9678); 9 6 7 8

• printf(“%2d”,9678); 9 6 7 8

• printf(“%-6d”,9678); 9 6 7 8

0 0 9 6 7 8
• printf(“%06d”,9678);
Real
Examples
• Syntax: %w.pf
• w indicates the number of digits used for display
• p indicates the number of digits to be displayed after decimal
• Let y=98.7654;
• printf(“%7.4f”,y);

• printf(“%7.2f”,y); 9 8 . 7 6 5 4

• printf(“-7.2f”,y); 9 8 . 7 7

9 8 . 7 7
String
Examples
• Syntax: %w.ps
• w specifies width of field
• p specifies only first p characters of string are displayed

• Ex:
• char a[20]=“Hello World”;
• printf(“%s”,a);

H e l l o W o r l d
Assignmen
t
• WAP to print exponential value of 10.45678?
• WAP to print multiplication table of a number taken from
user (Don’t use loop)?
• If 5 digit number is input through keyboard WAP to
reverse the number?
• WAP to read the values of x and y and print the
expressions
• x+y/x-y
• x+y/2
• (x+y)(x-y)
• WAP to take number as input and display in triangular format. For ex
if number is 5678 then
5678
678
78
8
• WAP to print size of various data types in C
• WAP to find that given an integer is odd or even
• WAP to accept three numbers and print the largest
number without using if condition.