Chapter 2-Diss

Chapter 2
HISTORICAL-
HERMENEUTIC
APPROACHES IN THE
SOCIAL SCIENCES
PSYCHOANALYSIS
 It is began with a young physician’s
search for the treatment of his patients
with emotional problems.
 It was founded by Sigmund Freud that
people could be cured by making
conscious their unconcious thoughts and
motivations, thus gaining insight.
 His theory known as psychoanalytic
theory.
3 LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
1. Conscious mind
2. Preconscious mind
3. Unconscious mind
3 COMPONENTS OF
PERSONALITY
1. Id
2. Ego
3. Superego
Id
 It is composed primarily of two sets of
instincts, life instincts and death instincts.
Life instincts, termed libido give rise to
motives that sustain and promote life such
as hunger, self-protection and sexual desire.
 It operates according to pleasure principle.
 It wants to obtain immediate pleasure and
avoid pain, regardless of how harmful it
might be to others.
Ego
 It is formed because the id has to find
realistic ways of meeting its need and
avoiding trouble caused by selfish and
aggressive behavior.
 It operates according to reality principle.
 It tries to be realistic about how those
motives are satisfied.
Superego
 It develops the part of the mind that
opposes the desires of the id by enforcing
moral restrictions and by striving to attain
a goal of “ideal” perfection.
 it incorporates the values and morals of
society which are learned from one's
parents and others.
Two systems of Superego
1. The conscience can punish the ego through
causing feelings of guilt. For example, if
the ego gives in to the id's demands, the
superego may make the person feel bad
through guilt.
2. The ideal self (or ego-ideal) is an
imaginary picture of how you ought to be,
and represents career aspirations, how to
treat other people, and how to behave as a
member of society.
Hermeneuticists believe “that psychoanalysis is
hermenuetic discipline, not capable of being
held to the principles of the traditional
sciences but instead requiring a more
humanistic understanding”
Psychoanalysts believe “that psychoanalysis is
a science and that is basic theoretical tenets
and therapeutic efficacy can be validated by
empirical-analytical methods that are akin to
those used in the other basic sciences”.
Hermenuetic Phenomenology
 Itis a particular type f phenomenology among a
range of phenomenological methologies.
TWO CLASSIFIED CAMPS

1. Descriptive phenomenology- was developed by Edmund
Husserl. It was also known as transcendental phenomenology .
It is based on discovering the objective universal essences of
lived experiences and communicating them through pure
description.
2. Interpretative or hermeneutic phenomenology- was
developed by Martin Heidegger. It was also known as
existential phenomenology. It is used to interpret the meaning
of lived experiences and communicate the interpretation
textually or symbolically.
The decriptive phenomenology- one hat the
technique of “Bracketing off” influences around
the phenomenon to get the essences.
-it focus in the correlation of the noema of
experiences (the “what”) and the noesis ( the
“how it is experienced”)
Van Manen noted that to apply the hermeneutic

phenomenology.
Isolating themes- theses spoken accounts of
personal experience are what Van Manen
referred to. It can be viewed as written
interpretations of lived experience.
Reflexivity-is a person’s reflection upon or
examination of a situation or experience.
It can help in interpreting the meanings
discovered or added value to those types
of interpretations.
- describes the process in which
researchers are conscious of and reflective
about the ways in which their questions,
methods and subject position might
impact on the data or the psychological
knowledge produced in a study.
FOUR COMMON FEATURES OF
DESCRIPTIVE AND INTERPRETIVE
METHODOLOGIES
1. Decription-of phenomena,it is the aim of
phenomenology.
2. Reduction- is a process that involves suspending or
bracketing the phenomena so that the things themselves
can be return to.
3. Essence- is the core meaning of an individual’s
experience that makes it what it is.
4. Intentionality- refers to consciousness since individuals
are always conscious to something. It is the total meaning
of the object or the idea which is always more than what
is given in the perception of single perspective.

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TWO CLASSIFIED CAMPS

Van Manen noted that to apply the hermeneutic

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