SEISMIC DESIGN OF HIGH RISE

BUILDINGS
Lesson : 4

Code Based Design of Reinforced Concrete High

Rise Buildings
MTYANA, H.J
PhD. Structural Engineering - on progress

Ass. Lecturer
Dept. of Structural and Construction Engineering
College of Engineering and Technology
University of Dar es salaam, Tanzania
Email: [email protected]
Cell Phone: +255 (0) 655 004212
 Topics to be covered

 Design Criteria for High Rise Buildings

 Overview Eurocode 8-1:2004
 Structural Building Layout
 Load Combinations and Definitions
 Structural Analysis and Design
 Structural Detailing
 1.4.1 Design criteria for high rise buildings

1. Limit States Design Philosophy 7. Stiffness

2. The Speed of Erection 8. Human Comfort

9. Creep, Shrinkage, and Temperature
3. Loading
effects
4. Sequential Loading
10. Fire
5. Strength and Stability 11. Foundation Settlement and Soil-

6. Drift Limitations Structure Interaction

 Limit States Design Philosophy
The ultimate limit states,
Collapse,
Ensures that all structures and their Local damage (rupture, buckling),
constituent components are Fire resistance,
designed to resist with reasonable Impact resistance (earthquake),
safety the worst loads and the probability of failure must be low.
deformations that are liable to
occur during construction and The serviceability limit states
service, and to have adequate deflection, cracks, vibrations,
durability during their lifetime. durability
a much higher probability of
occurrence is permitted
 The Speed of Erection Loading
 Return on the investment by  Load types include gravitational and
minimizing the cost of interest lateral forces, both permanent and
payments. transient
 Most tall buildings are constructed  Design period (60 – 100 yrs)
in congested city sites with difficult
 Forces will depend on the size and
access, and with no storage
shape of the building, and its location
areas.
 Load combinations for design
 Careful planning and organization
is essential. Case 1: Dead + Imposed (unfactored)
 The story-to-story uniformity Case 2: Dead + Live (factored)
encourages construction through Case 3: Dead + Live + EQ (factored)
repetitive operations and
prefabrication techniques. In computer software analysis and
design an envelope for cases 1,2,and
3 is usually taken as Case 4.
 Stiffness
 Under ULS, Lateral deflections must be
Sequential Loading
limited to prevent 2nd-order P-delta effects
 For dead loads, the construction from gravity loading
sequence should be considered to  Under SLS, these deflections should not
be the worst case affect elevator rails, doors, glass partitions,
and prevent dynamic motions to cause
(shoring fresh floor over several discomfort to the occupants and sensitive
previously cast floors) equipment.
(Deflection and Drift control) – to be discussed later!

Strength and Stability

 The whole building must be checked  With respect to overturning control,
against toppling as a rigid body about Moments are taken about that edge with
one edge of the base (when subjected the resisting moment of the dead weight of
to worst loading condition) and pass!!!!! the structure to be greater than the
(Deflection and Drift control) – to be overturning moment by an acceptable
discussed later! factor of safety (FS > 3).
 Creep, Shrinkage, and Temperature effects
Human Comfort In very tall buildings, the cumulative vertical
Lateral loads results into lateral + torsional movements due to creep and shrinkage may
deflections, hence oscillatory movements that cause distress in the structure and induce forces
induce a wide range of responses in the into horizontal elements especially in the upper
building’s occupants, ranging from mild regions of the building.
discomfort to acute nausea. During the construction phase, elastic shortening
A dynamic analysis is required to determine the will occur in the vertical elements of the lower
response of the structure in order to determine levels due to the additional loads imposed by the
its adequacy to the comfort criteria. upper floors as they are completed.

Fire Cumulative differential movements will affect the

stresses in the subsequent structure, especially
It must be a primary consideration in the design
in the building that includes both in-situ and pre-
process. The characteristic feature of a fire such
cast components
as the temperature and duration, can be estimated
from a knowledge of the important parameters Temperature variations between their external
involved, particularly the quality and nature of faces and the internal core, and that are
combustible material present, the possibility and restrained, will experience induced stresses in
extent of ventilation and the geometric and thermal the members connecting both.
properties of the fire compartment involved.
 The Effect of Foundation Soil-Structure Interaction
Settlement upon the Tall  Involves both static and dynamic behavior
Building
 Static behavior is generally treated by
 The gravity and lateral forces on the structure
simplified models of subgrade behavior, and
will be transmitted to the earth through the
finite element methods of analysis
foundation system
 Because of its height, a tall building’s columns may
 For dynamic effects, both interactions between
be very heavy soil and structure, and any amplification
caused by a coincidence of the natural
 In areas with bedrock, appropriate
frequencies of building and foundation must be
foundations can be shallow foundations, included
drilled shafts, or deep basements.
 Seismic forces may develop excessive
 In areas with poor soil conditions, differential
hydrostatic pressures, causing liquefaction of
settlements must be avoided the soil
 Use mat (or raft) foundation, where the
 These types of conditions must be considered
weight of soil equals to a significant and avoided.
portion of the gross building weight.
(“partially compensated foundation’’)
 Building Drift or Lateral Deflection
Significance of Limiting Deflection
Prevent second-order P-delta effects due to gravity loading, precipitating collapse;

Allow the functioning of non-structural components, such as elevators and doors;

Avoid distress in the structure;

Prevent excessive cracking and consequent loss of stiffness;

Avoid any redistribution of load to non-load-bearing partitions, in-fills, cladding, or

glazing;

Prevent dynamic motions from causing discomfort to occupants, or affecting sensitive

equipment
Building Drift or Lateral Deflection
The parameter that measures the lateral stiffness is the Drift
Index which the ratio of the maximum deflection at the top
of the building to the total height of the building. In addition,
each floor has an index called the inter-story drift index
which checks for localized excessive deformation .

There is no national code requirement for the drift index, but

1/400 is a traditionally accepted limit. Different countries
use from 0.001 to 0.005 (1/1,000 to as low as 1/200). Lower
values are used for hotels and condominiums because the
noise and discomfort at those levels are unacceptable. For
conventional structures, the preferred range is 0.0015 to
0.0030 (in other words, from 1/700 to 1/350)
 Story drift and Interstory drift 
Story drift is the difference of displacements
between two consecutive stories divided by the
height of that story. Story displacement is the
absolute value of displacement of the storey under
action of the lateral forces.

Interstory drift is the relative displacement of

one story relative to the other. In some structures, a
substantial portion of the story drift may result from
either axial deformation in the columns.
Drift Index in Some Countries
 Structural Member Sizes and Dimensions

 Slabs and Beams:

Most slabs beams are continuous over several supports:
 Slabs thickness: Ref: IStructE/ICE:rcbs-1985
 Structural Member Sizes and Dimensions

 Beams depth: Ref: IStructE/ICE:rcbs-1985

 Beam width: 0.5-0.6xdepth Ref: Experience

 Structural Member Sizes and Dimensions

 Shear Wall: Ref: ACI 318-1995

 Thickness (150 – 400mm)

 Columns
 There is no standard size of columns for tall buildings. The size will
depend on the magnitude of the load to be resisted, column type and
architectural utility of that column. However, from experience the
minimum column sizes in relation to building heights are shown on
next slide.
Proposed R.C Column sizes in High Rise
Framed Buildings
Frame Story Level Column Size
(mm)
10 Story 1 - 10 700 x 700
20 Story 1-7 750 x 750
8 - 14 600 x 600
15 - 20 450 x 450
30 Story 1 - 10 800 x 800
11 - 20 650 x 650
21 - 30 500 x 500
 Basic Principles and Design of Buildings

Eurocode 8:2004

Design of Structures for Earthquake

Resistance
 Overview on Eurocode 8-1:2004

Eurocode 8:2004 Design of structures for earthquake resistance

 Composition:
Part 1:General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings
Part 2:Bridges
Part 3:Assessment and retrofitting of buildings
Part 4:Silos, tanks and pipelines
Part 5:Foundations, retaining structures and geotechnical aspects
Part 6:Towers, masts and chimneys
Part 7:External links
 Basic Principles and Design of Buildings

Eurocode 8 Part 1 (EC8-1)

General rules, seismic actions and rules

for buildings
 Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings

 Scope
Section1: The scope, normative references, assumptions, principles and
application rules, terms and definitions, symbols and units.

Section 2: Basic performance requirements and compliance criteria applicable

to buildings and civil engineering works in seismic regions

Section 3: Rules for the representation of seismic actions and for their combination
with other actions. (and ground conditions)

Section 4: General design rules relevant specifically to buildings.

.
 Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings
Section 5: Specific rules for concrete buildings;

Section 6: Specific rules for steel buildings;

Section 7: Specific rules for composite steel-concrete buildings;

Section 8: Specific rules for timber buildings;

Note: Sec 5 – 9:
Material dependent
Section 9: Specific rules for masonry buildings.

Section 10: Base isolation of structures (buildings

 Seismic Loading

Seismic loading is defined by ground acceleration and mass of the structure,

in this case a building
It is important to predict what will the ground acceleration during EQ
Structural damage is the result of a combination of maximum deformation
(drift) and cumulative inelastic deformation cycles.
Different materials have different Hyesteric behavior
Also quantity of re-bar and method of detailing may also cause such a
structure to act as inelastic (brittle) or elastic (ductile)
 “Philosophy” of seismic design
PERFORMACE STATE
Operational Safe Near Collapse
Frequent
R= 95 yrs
EA
RT 41% in 50 yrs Us
HQ Design ua
UA l st r
KE
R = 475 yrs Im uc
p tu
10% in 50 yrs or re
Ve ta s
Max. ry nt
s tr
Considered str Imp uc
uc or tu
t u ta re
re nt s
s

Note: Different design criteria for different structural importance

 Push Over Frame

(Base Shear - Lateral Deformation)

 Purpose and scope of EC
 Protection of human lives

 Limitation of damage (not prevention!!!)

 Structures important for civil protection should remain operational

 Nuclear power plants, offshore structures and large dams are not
included

 EC complements other Eurocodes

 Fundamental requirements (1)
 No-collapse requirement

No local or global collapse, retaining structural integrity

and a residual load bearing capacity

10% probability of exceedance in 50 years – return period

475 years

Ultimate limit state

 Fundamental requirements (2)
 Damage limitation requirement

No costly damage and the associated limitations of use

10% probability of exceedance in 10 years – return

period 95 years (41% in 50 years)

Damage limit state

 Importance Classes

 𝝀=𝟎 . 𝟖

 𝝀=𝟏 .𝟎

 𝝀=𝟏 .𝟐

 𝝀=𝟏 . 𝟒
 Specific measures
Specific measures are required for reduction of uncertainties and ensuring
adequate structural behavior for beyond conditions

• Simplicity of the structure

• Capacity design

• Adequate detailing

• Adequate mathematical model

• Adequate foundation
 Seismic hazard

Source: Egyptian earthquake data base

 Equivalent Static analysis approach

 Key tasks include:

 Estimate self-weight and seismic mass of building
 Calculate seismic base shear in x-direction
 Calculate distribution of lateral loads and seismic
moment
 Consider how frame type and spacing influence
member forces
 Peak ground acceleration
Reference peak ground acceleration (obtained from seismic maps)
 475 years return period, soil type A - Rock (Table 3.1: Ground types)

Design ground acceleration

= Reference ground acceleration x importance factor

Effective design ground acceleration

= Design ground acceleration x soli factor
(for soils other that soil type A)
Ground types (Table 3.1)

Firm soil

Soft soil
 Basic representation of the seismic action (3.2.2)

Horizontal elastic response spectrum (3.2.2.2)

 Elastic spectrum (Type 1- M > 5.5)
(Table 3.2)

Ground Type S TB(s) TC(s) TD(S)

A 1.0 0.15 0.4 2.0
B 1.2 0.15 0.5 2.0
C 1.15 0.2 0.6 2.0
D 1.35 0.2 0.8 2.0
E 1.4 0.15 0.5 2.0
NOTE:
The values to be ascribed to TB, TC, TD and S for each ground type and type (shape) of spectrum to be used
in a country may be found in its National Annex. If deep geology is not accounted for (see 3.1.2(1) ), the
recommended choice is the use of two types of spectra: Type 1 and Type 2. If the earthquakes that
contribute most to the seismic hazard defined for the site for the purpose of probabilistic hazard
assessment have a surface-wave magnitude, Ms, not greater than 5,5, it is recommended that the Type 2
spectrum is adopted.
 Elastic spectrum (Type 2- M <= 5.5)
(Table 3.3)

Ground Type S TB(s) TC(s) TD(S)

A 1.0 0.05 0.25 1.2
B 1.35 0.05 0.25 1.2
C 1.5 0.10 0.25 1.2
D 1.8 0.10 0.30 1.2
E 1.6 0.05 0.25 1.2

Note:
Acceleration spectrum developed in the code corresponds to 5%
damping which is the usual damping for structures during designed
earthquake
 Simplified hysteric behavior of ductile structure
F
 
∆𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝝁=
∆ 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅

 ∆ 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 ∆ 𝒎𝒂𝒙
 

EH EI = ED + E H
Area of Hysteric Loop ~ Energy Imparted into the
Structure Affected by damping
 Equal displacement rule
The equal displacement rule is a well known empirical rule for the assessment
of the non-linear behaviour of structures subjected to earthquake ground
motion, which states that inelastic peak displacements remain almost the
same as elastic peak displacement whatever the selected strength of the
structure.

One of the possibilities is to relate spectrum for the elasto-plastic system to that for
the corresponding elastic system by considering the maximum relative
displacements for the two systems to be equal.

For a system with given initial period (stiffness and) and damping, maximum
displacements are approximately equal for linear and non-linear response

(Limitation Apply)
 Relationship between spectra and seismic action
    

𝑭=𝒌𝑺𝑫=𝒎𝑺𝑨
 
Designed ground displacement, dg

dg = 0.025ag S TC TD

Ground Type ag = 0.25g ag = 0.1g

A 5.0 2.0
B 7.5 3.0
C 8.6 3.5
D 13.5 5.4
E 8.8 3.5

Unit: cm
 Behavior factor (3.2.2.4)
 Factor used for design purposes to reduce the forces
obtained from linear analysis, in order to account for the
non-linear response of a structure, associated with the
material, the structural system and the design
procedures
 Behavior factor – background
 For an elastic structure:

 For an inelastic structure:

 Final Reduction
𝑽𝑫

∆D
 
Eurocode 8
Ductility classes
Higher Ductility
 
𝑽
𝑽𝒆
 

Larger Reduction Factor

𝑽 𝒚𝟐
 
DCM

Better Detailing
𝑽 𝒚𝟏
 
DCH

Higher Ductility

∆ 𝒚𝟏
 
∆ 𝒚𝟐
 
∆𝒎𝒂𝒙
   
∆
 Capacity Design – idea analogy with the chain
 Regardless the intensity, the force FE (demand) will not be greater than
the actual strength of the ductile link.

Weak ductile element with the strength R

F F
E E

Non - ductile element

 Capacity Design

  
FE

Shear force in the column is limited by the flexural

capacity at the column base
 Basic design steps
 Conceptual design – adequate regularity
 Determination of the behavior factor, q
 Capacity design – calculate the base line force in flexural
members (adequate mechanism)
 Detailing to provide adequate local strength and ductility
Schematic plan and section of example building Isometric view of example building
 Basic design data
Live load
Floor bedrooms and roof : 2.0 kN/m2
Corridors etc : 4.0 kN/m2

Floor finish : 1.0 kN/m2

Water proofing : 2.0 kN/m2
Terrace finish : 1.0 kN/m2

Location : Dodoma city

Wind load : Not designed for wind load, since earthquake
loads exceed the wind loads.
Earthquake load : As per EC8 - 2004
Depth of foundation below ground : 2.5 m
Type of soil : Type A, As per EC-:8-1:2004
Allowable bearing pressure : 200 kN/m2
Average thickness of footing : 0.9 m, assume isolated footings
Storey height : Typical floor: 3.5 m, GF: 4.7 m
Floors : G.F. + 7 upper floors.
Ground beams : To be provided at G.F.
 Basic design data

Walls
Outer : Brick/Block cavity wall each 100mm thick,12mm plaster on
inside face
Inner : Single leaf 100 thick blockwork, both faces plastered

Ground floor perimeter glazing : 0.4kN/m2

Material Properties
Concrete
Slabs and beams : C25
Columns : C30
Foundation : C30

Steel
HY reinforcement of grade Fe 460 confirming to BS: 8666-2005 is used throughout
 Gravity Load Calculations

 Unit load calculations

Assumed sizes of beam and column sections are:
Columns: 500 x 500 at all typical floors
Area, A = 0.25 m2, I = 0.005208 m4
Columns: 600 x 600 below ground level
Area, A = 0.36 m2, I = 0.0108 m4
Main beams: 300 x 550 at all levels, main building
Area, A = 0.165 m2, I = 0.0042 m4
:350 x 700 at first floor in tower, Grid 1-15, others as in main buildings
Area, A = 0.245 m2, I = 0.010 m4
Ground beams: 300 x 600
Area, A = 0.18 m2, I = 0.0054 m4
 Member self- weights:
 Columns (500 x 500)
0.25 x 24 = 6.00 kN/m
 Columns (600 x 600)
0.36 x 24 = 8.64kN/m
 Ground beam (300 x 600)
0.18 x 24 = 4.32 kN/m
 Main beams (300 x 550)
0.165 x 24 = 3.96 kN/m
0.245 x 24 = 5.88 kN/m
 Slab (150 mm thick)
0.15 x 24 = 3.6 kN/m2
 Outer wall (double leaf, brick/block @ 100 mm thick)
Brick : 0.1 × 18 = 1.8 kN/m2
Block : 0.1 × 12 = 1.2 kN/m2
Plaster : 0.012 × 21 = 0.25 kN/m2
Total = 3.25 kN/m2

Internal walls – single leaf 100 mm block work, plastered both sides:
Block: 0.1 × 12 = 1.2 kN/m2
Plaster: 0.024 × 21 = 0.5 kN/m2
Total = 1.7 kN/m2
 Ground floor perimeter glazing: 0.4 kN/m2
 Floor finishes etc: 1.0 kN/m2
 Dead load calculation
Table xxx Dead load calculation
Level Structural Calculation Load (kN) Total (kN)
Element
Slab (56 × 20) × 3.6 4,032
Finishes (56 × 20) × 1.0 1,120
8 Frames Beams 8,170 8,170
Grd 1-15: (20 × 15 ) × 5.76 1,728
Grd B-E: (56 × 4) × 5.76 1,290
Slab (56 × 20) × 3.6 4,032
Finishes (56 × 20) × 1.0 1,120
Frames Beams
2-7 Grd 1-15: (20 × 15 ) × 5.76 1,728
Grd B-E: (56 × 4) × 5.76 1,290
Columns
Grd 1-15: (4× 15 ) × 5.28 × 3.5 1,109
 Dead load calculation

Level Structural Element Calculation Load Total (kN)

(kN)
Outer walls (2 × (56 + 20) × 3.5) × 3.25 1,729
2-7 Internal walls Grd 2-14: (26 × 8.5 ×3.5) × 1.7 1,315 12,989 77,934
Grd C,D (2 × 56 × 3.5) × 1.7 666
Main building Slab, Finishes, walls (Grid B-E) 8,862
Tower section Slab (Grid A- B, E-F) : (56 × 10× 2) × 3.6 4,032
Finishes (Grid A-B, E-F): (56 × 10× 2) × 1.0 1,120
Main Building + Tower External glazing: (2 × (56 +40) × 4.3) × 0.4 330
Framing 20, 184 20,184
1
Beams Grid A-F: (56 × 6) × 5.76 1,935
Grd 1-15: (2 × 10 × 15 × 6.72)+ (20 × 15 × 5.76) 1,862
Columns
Grd 1-15: (6 × 15 ) × 5.28 × 4.3 2,043
Total Dead Load, G 106,288
 Imposed load calculation
Imposed load calculations are set out in Table xxxx, assuming design values of 2.0 kN/m2 for
the bedrooms and roof, and 4.0 kN/m2 elsewhere.
Table xxx Imposed load calculation
Level Structural Element Calculation Load (kN) Total (kN)

8 Roof (56 × 20) × 2.6 2,240 2,240

Level 7: 0.9×2,848 =
2,563

Level 6: 0.8×2,848 =
Corridors etc. ((56 × 3) + (8.5 × 4 × 4)) × 4 1,216
2,278

Level 5: 0.7×2,848 =
2-7 11,292
1,994
Level 4: 0.6×2,848 =
1,709
Bedrooms ((56 × 20)– 304) × 2.0 1,632
Level 2-3: 0.5×2,848
= 1,424

1,424
Tower Area As levels 2–3
1 5,904
5,904
Roof terrace (56 × 20) × 4.0 4,480

Total 19,436
 Table 3.3 Seismic mass calculation
Level G (kN) Q (kN) G + ψE,iQ (kN) Mass (tonne)
8 8,170 2,240 8,842 901.3
7 2,563 13,758 1,403
6 2,278 13,672 1,394
5 12,989 1,994 13,587 1,385
4 1,709 13,502 1,376
2-3 1,424 26,832 2,735
1 20,184 5,904 21,955 2,238
Total 11,432.3
The corresponding building weight is 11,432.3 × 9.81 = 112,151kN.
Note: ψE,i is taken as 0.3.
 Seismic design parameters
Eurocode 8 Based Design (EBD)
3.1.2 (1) Identification of ground 3.2.2.2 Horizontal elastic response
types spectrum

Table 3.2: Values of the parameters describing the

recommended Type 1 elastic response spectra
Eurocode 8 Based Design (EBD)
4.3.3.2.2 Base shear
force

T1 = 0.075 (28.8 m) ¾
= 0.93 sec.

(rc. moment resisting frame)

7
 6.1 Method 1 - Eurocode 8 Based Design (EBD)
Example 1
5.2.2.2 Behaviour factors for horizontal seismic actions

q = 3.0u/1 = 3.0 (1.3) = 3.9 (DCM = medium ductility)

T1 = 0.93 sec

3.2.2.5 Design spectrum for elastic analysis

Conservatively
TR 50 years, ag = 0.31g

Sd (T1) = 1.14m/s2
 Seismic base shear
First, define design response spectrum. Use Type 1 spectrum (for areas of high
seismicity) soil type A. Spectral parameters are as determined in figure xxxx
(from EC8 Table 3.2)

The reference peak ground acceleration is agR = 3.0 m/s2= (0.31g). The
importance factor for the building is γ1= 1.0, so the design ground acceleration ag =
γ1xagR = 3.0 m/s2.
 Concrete moment resisting frame
  
  
EC8 Table 5.1: Assuming DCM,
, where αu is the load factor to cause overall instability due to plastic hinge
formation, and α1 is the load factor at first yield in the structure.

Where these values have not been determined explicitly, for regular buildings,
EC Cl. 5.2.2.2 allows default values of the ratio ƒu /ƒ1 to be assumed.

For our multi-storey, multi-bay frame,hence q = 3 × 1.3 = 3.9.

Therefore,
  EC8 Equation 4.5

Base Shear, Fb

Fb  Sd T1 . m. 

 In this case,

= 11,077.9 kN(taken intodesign)

Thus, net horizontal force is
 Load distribution and moment calculation

The way the base shear is distributed

over the height of the building is a
function of the fundamental mode shape.
For a regular building, EC8 Cl. 4.3.3.2.3
permits the assumption that the deflected
shape is linear. With this assumption, the
inertia force generated at a given storey
is proportional to the product of the
storey mass and its height from the base.
 Defining base shear
 Define seismic zone
 Identify ground type (3.1.2)
 Define reference ground acceleration
 Define building importance (Table 4.3), ductility class
 Define respective parameters for horizontal elastic
response spectrum (3.2.2.2)
 Determine spectrum for elastic analysis (3.2.2.5)
 Determine base shear force (4.3.2.2)
Level Height, zi Mass, mi (t) z i mi Base shear Force, Fi, Shear, V hi-hj Momnet, m =
(m) Force, Fb (kN) (kN) Fizi (knm)
(kN)
8 28.80 901.30 25,957.44 1,659.34 1,659.34 3.50 5,807.70
7 25.30 1,403.00 35,495.90 2,269.09 3,928.44 3.50 19,557.22
6 21.80 1,394.00 30,389.20 1,942.64 5,871.08 3.50 40,106.00
5 18.30 1,385.00 25,345.50 1,620.22 7,491.30 3.50 66,325.56
4 14.80 1,376.00 20,364.80 11,078.00 1,301.83 8,793.13 3.50 97,101.53
3 11.30 1,367.50 15,452.75 987.82 9,780.96 3.50 131,334.88
2 7.80 1,367.50 10,666.50 681.86 10,462.82 3.50 167,954.75
1 4.30 2,238.00 9,623.40 615.18 11 ,078.00 4.30 215,590.15
    11,432.30 173,295.49 11,078.00     215,590.15