Scribd
Upload
56 views16 pages

Ofc 1 1

The document discusses optical fiber waveguides. It begins by outlining optical fiber communication systems and the advantages and limitations of optical fiber cables. It then defines an optical fiber as a waveguide for light that consists of a core for wave propagation and a cladding and buffer coating for protection. The document discusses different types of optical fibers including step index and graded index fibers, as well as single mode and multimode fibers. It explains how total internal reflection and refractive index profiles allow fibers to guide light along their paths.

Uploaded by

Wasimul Haq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
56 views16 pages

Ofc 1 1

The document discusses optical fiber waveguides. It begins by outlining optical fiber communication systems and the advantages and limitations of optical fiber cables. It then defines an optical fiber as a waveguide for light that consists of a core for wave propagation and a cladding and buffer coating for protection. The document discusses different types of optical fibers including step index and graded index fibers, as well as single mode and multimode fibers. It explains how total internal reflection and refractive index profiles allow fibers to guide light along their paths.

Uploaded by

Wasimul Haq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

FIBER OPTIC WAVEGUIDE

Outline of Talk
 OF communication system
 Advantages and limitations of OFC
 What is an optical fiber?
 Types of optical fiber
 How fibers works ?
Optical fiber communication system
Attenuation, Dispersion,
crosstalk & noise

Input Output
Optical Comm. Channel Optical
Transmitter (Optical fiber) Receiver
Dispersion
Advantages of OFC

Greater bandwidth
Low attenuation
Electrical immunity (no RFI, EMI)
Greater security
Flexibility
Falling cost
Long repeater spacing
Smaller size and weight than copper cables
What is an Optical Fiber?
An optical fiber is a waveguide for light
Consists of :
Core: inner part where wave propagates
Cladding: outer part used to keep wave in core
Buffer: protective coating
SiO2 doped
Jacket: outer protective shield Low n
with GeO2

High n
Refractive Index (n)
 In optics, the refractive index or index of refraction
of a material is a dimensionless number that
describes how fast light travels through the material.
It is defined as where c is the speed of light in
vacuum and v is the phase velocity of light in the
medium. Refractive index is also equal to the
velocity of light c of a given wavelength in empty
space divided by its velocity v in a substance, or n =
c/v
Types of fiber optic waveguide
 According to the refractive index profile
 Step index fiber
 Graded index fiber
 According to the mode of propagation
 Single mode fiber (SM)
 Multimode fiber (MM)
Specification and Performance Ch. of
MM step index fiber
Fiber diameter

Typical structure of Step change in


refractive index
MM step index fiber
[This type of fibre is best Refractive
n1 index
suited for transmission n2
over short distances]

Numerical Aperture (NA):

Structure: In optics, the numerical aperture (NA)


Core diameter : 50 ~ 400 m of an optical system is a dimensionless
Cladding dia. : 125 ~ 500 m number that characterizes the range of
Buffer jacket dia.:250 ~ 1000 m angles over which the system can accept
or emit light
NA : 0.16 ~ 0.5
Specification and Performance Ch. of SM
step index fiber
Fiber diameter
Step change in
Typical structure of refractive index
SM step index fiber
[Single mode fiber optic Refractive
cable is typically used in n1 index
n2
long distance, higher
bandwidth by Telcos, CATV
companies, and Colleges
and Universities]

Structure:
Core diameter : 5 ~ 10 m
Cladding dia. : generally 125 m
Buffer jacket dia.: 250 ~ 1000 m
NA : 0.08 ~ 0.15,
around 0.1
Types of OF with specification
and Performance Ch.
Fiber diameter
Gradual change
in refractive ind.
Typical structure of
MM Graded index Refractive
n1 index
fiber n2
[This type of fibre is best
suited for local-area
networks]

Structure:
Core diameter : 30 ~ 100 m
Cladding dia. : 100 ~ 150
Buffer jacket dia.: 250 ~ 1000
NA : 0.2 ~ 0.3
How Fibers Work
The General Principle

The classical understanding of fiber optics


comes from Snell’s Law!

• Step index fibers: Total Internal Reflection


• GR-IN fibers: layered changes in refractive index

Snell’s law:
A law stating that the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and
refraction of a wave are constant when it passes between two
different isotropic media, such as water, glass or air
Total Internal Reflection
According to Snell’s Law t = 900

n1 sin  i  n2 sin  t low index, n2 Exit rays

high index,
n1 sin  c  n2 n1 i
i
Incident rays
n2 c
sin  c 
n1
Step Index Fiber
Escapes core
(freedom!)

Cladding n2 n1 > n2 Escapes from core

Core n1 
i
c Stuck in core
 i
i

n2
c = Critical Angle, sin  c 
n1
i  c for total internal reflection
Graded Index Fiber

n2
n varies
Gradually
n1

n2

You might also like