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Slide02 - Communication System

This document discusses different types of information and communication systems. It covers analog vs. digital signals, how analog signals can be converted to digital, and examples of early analog and digital communication technologies. It also provides an overview of key concepts in digital communication systems including sampling, quantization, encoding, transmission, reception, and performance metrics.

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41 views14 pages

Slide02 - Communication System

This document discusses different types of information and communication systems. It covers analog vs. digital signals, how analog signals can be converted to digital, and examples of early analog and digital communication technologies. It also provides an overview of key concepts in digital communication systems including sampling, quantization, encoding, transmission, reception, and performance metrics.

Uploaded by

wisam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Types of Information

 Major classification of data: analog vs. digital


 Analog signals
 speech (but words are discrete)
 music (closer to a continuous signal)
 temperature readings, barometric pressure, wind speed
 images stored on film
 Analog signals can be represented (approximately) using bits
 digitized images (can be compressed using JPEG)
 digitized video (can be compressed to MPEG)
 Bits: text, computer data
 Analog signals can be converted into bits by
quantizing/digitizing
The word bit (binary digit) was coined in the late 1940s by John
Tukey. Today a byte is 8 bits. Originally it depended on the
computer— 6, 9, or 10 bits were also used.
Analog Messages
 Early analog communication
 telephone (1876)
 phonograph (1877)
 film soundtrack (1923, Lee De Forest, Joseph Tykoci
´nski-Tykociner)
 Key to analog communication is the amplifier
(1908, Lee De Forest, triode vacuum tube)
 Broadcast radio (AM, FM) is still analog
 Broadcast television was analog until 2009
Digital Messages
 Early long-distance communication was digital
 semaphores, white flag, smoke signals, bugle calls, telegraph
 Teletypewriters (stock quotations)
 Baudot (1874) created 5-unit code for alphabet. Today baud is a unit
meaning one symbol per second.
 Working teleprinters were in service by 1924 at 65 words per minute
 Fax machines: Group 3 (voice lines) and Group 4 (ISDN)
 In 1990s the accounted for majority of transPacific telephone use. Sadly,
fax machines are still in use.
 First fax machine was Alexander Bains 1843 device required conductive
ink
 Pantelegraph (Caselli, 1865) set up telefax between Paris and Lyon
 Ethernet, Internet
There is no name for the unit bit/second. I have proposed claude.
Analog vs. Digital Systems
 Analog signals
 Values varies continuously

 Digital signals
 Value limited to a finite set
 Digital systems are more robust

 Binary signals
 Have 2 possible values
 Used to represent bit values
 Bit time T needed to send 1 bit
 Data rate R = 1/T bits per second
Sampling and Quantization, I
  To transmit analog signals over a digital communication link, we
must discretize both time and values.

 Quantization spacing is ; sampling interval is , not shown in


figure.
Sampling and Quantization, II
 Usually sample times are uniformly spaced. Higher frequency
content requires faster sampling. (Soprano must be sampled
twice as fast as a tenor.)

 Values can be uniformly spaced, but non-uniform (logarithmic)


spacing is often used for voice.
Digital Transmission and Regeneration
 Simplest digital communication is binary amplitude-shift
keying (ASK)

(a) binary signal input to channel; (b) signal altered by channel;


(c) signal + noise; (d) signal after detection by receiver
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
 To communicate sampled
values, we send a sequence
of bits that represent the
quantized value.

 For 16 quantization levels, 4


bits suffice.

 PCM can use binary


representation of value.

 The PSTN uses compounded


PCM (similar to floating point)
Channel Errors
If there is too much channel distortion or noise, receiver may make
a mistake, and the regenerated signal will be incorrect. Channel
coding is needed to detect and correct the message.
Communication System Block Diagram (Basic)

 Source encoder converts message into message signal (bits)


 Transmitter converts message signal into format appropriate for
channel transmission (analog/digital signal)
 Channel conveys signal but may introduce attenuation,
distortion, noise, interference
 Receiver decodes received signal back to message signal
 Source decoder decodes message signal back into original
message
Communication System Block Diagram (Advanced)

 Source encoder compresses message to remove redundancy


 Encryption protects against eavesdroppers and false messages
 Channel encoder adds redundancy for error protection
 Modulator converts digital inputs to signals suitable for physical
channel
Examples of Communication Channels
 Communication systems convert information into a format appropriate
for the transmission medium
 Some channels convey electromagnetic waves (signals).
 Radio (20 KHz to 20+ GHz)
 Optical fiber (200 THz or 1550 nm)
 Laser line-of-sight (e.g., from Mars)
 Other channels use sound, smell, pressure, chemical reactions
 smell: ants
 chemical reactions: neuron dendrites
 dance: bees
 Analog communication systems convert (modulate) analog signals
into modulated (analog) signals
 Digital communication systems convert information in the form of bits
into binary/digital signals
Performance Metrics
  Analog communication systems
 Metric is fidelity, closeness to original signal
 We want
 A common measure of infidelity is energy of difference signal:

 Digital communication systems


 Metrics are data rate in bits/sec and probability of bit error

 Without noise, never make bit errors


 With noise, depends on signal and noise power, data rate, and channel
characteristics.
Data Rate Limits
  Data rate is limited by signal power, noise power, distortion
 Without distortion or noise, we could transmit at and error probably
 The Shannon capacity is the maximum possible data rate for a
system with noise and distortion
 This maximum rate can be approached with bit probability close to 0
 For Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channels,

 The theoretical result does not tell how to design real systems
 Shannon obtained for telephone channels
 Get higher rates with modems/DSL (use much more bandwidth)
 Nowhere near capacity in wireless systems

DSL: Digital Subscriber Line

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