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CCNA 1 v3.1 Module 10 Routing Fundamentals and Subnets: © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The document discusses routing fundamentals and subnets. It covers topics like IP addressing, routing protocols, routed protocols, routing tables, interior and exterior gateway protocols, and subnetting. Subnetting allows a network administrator to divide one IP network into multiple logical subnetworks for flexibility, broadcast containment, and security.

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Sao Sovannarith
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41 views52 pages

CCNA 1 v3.1 Module 10 Routing Fundamentals and Subnets: © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The document discusses routing fundamentals and subnets. It covers topics like IP addressing, routing protocols, routed protocols, routing tables, interior and exterior gateway protocols, and subnetting. Subnetting allows a network administrator to divide one IP network into multiple logical subnetworks for flexibility, broadcast containment, and security.

Uploaded by

Sao Sovannarith
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CCNA 1 v3.

1 Module 10
Routing Fundamentals and
Subnets

© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 1


Objectives
IP Address
IP Address Grouping
Routed and Routing Protocols

• Consider that a packet needs to be sent from node A


to node F. How would it decide which path to take?
Routing Protocol vs Routed Protocol

• A routed protocol
1. defines the end to end addressing and the
packet format of a packet that is forwarded
between nodes on different networks.
Internet Protocol (IP) is a routed protocol

• A routing protocol
1. exchanges topology information with adjacent
routers to update and maintain their routing tables.
2. selects the best path through a network
RIP is a routing protocol
Routed Protocol
• A protocol is a set of rules

• A routed protocol is a set of rules that determines how


computers at the source and destination communicate
with each other across networks
– packet format
– end to end addressing

• In order for a protocol to be routable, it must provide the


ability to assign both a network number and a host
number for each individual device.
Internet Protocol IP

• IP is a connectionless, unreliable, best-effort delivery protocol


• As information flows down the layers of the OSI model, the data is
processed at each layer.
• IP accepts whatever data is passed down to it from the upper layers.
IP Packet Header
Network Layer Devices in Data Flow

• As a frame is received at a
router interface.
• The MAC address is checked
to see if the frame is directly
addressed to the router
interface, or a broadcast.
• The frame header and trailer
are removed and the packet is
passed up to Layer 3.
• The destination IP address is
compared to the routing table
to find a match.
• The packet (datagram) is
placed in a new frame with the
If a match is found or there is a default
MAC address of the next hop
route, the packet will be sent to the
interface.
interface specified in the matched routing
• The frame is then transmitted. table statement otherwise packet is
discarded
Packets Travel Across Links in a Frame
• Packets NEVER travel through the network – they are carried within frames
• A new frame MUST be created to carry the packet over each individual link
• Routers provide the IP address of the next hop interface (router or host)
• The ARP table provides the MAC address of this IP address for the frame destination
Connectionless vs. Connection-Oriented

• In a connection oriented system is established


between the sender and the recipient before any
data is transferred.
– example: Telephone

• In a connectionless system, the destination is not


contacted before a packet is sent.
– example: Postal system

• TCP is connection oriented


• IP is connectionless
Connectionless Network Services

• The Internet is a huge network where packets are routed according to their
IP addresses.
• IP is unreliable and best-effort as IP does not verify that the data reached its
destination and therefore does not resend missing packets.
• Reliability and resending of packets is handled by the upper layer protocols.
• IP may be used in conjunction with TCP to add a Layer 4, connection-
oriented service that checks for missing segments and resends them to
provide reliability.
The IPv4 Packet Header

Time-to-live (TTL)

Count Decreases with every hop


This prevents packets from
looping endlessly.
Routing
The Network Layer
Routing
• Routing is an OSI Layer 3 function.

• Routers connect networks (or subnetworks)

• Routing is the process of finding the most efficient path


from one device to another (router)

• Routers must maintain routing tables and make sure


other routers know of changes in the network topology.
This function is performed using a routing protocol to
communicate network information with other routers
Routing Through a Network

• A router is a network layer device that uses one or more


routing metrics to determine the optimal path through the
network
Routing Metrics
Data Encapsulation
Layer 3 Routing and Layer 2 Switching
Routers Reduce the Size of Broadcast Domains

• Routers block LAN broadcasts, so a broadcast


storm only affects the broadcast domain from which
it originated

• Switched networks do not block broadcasts


Routing and Switching in a Network
ARP Tables and Routing Tables
The difference between a routed and routing
protocol – revisited
Routed Protocol
Routing Protocol
Routed Vs Routing protocols
• A Routed Protocol:
– A network protocol suite that provides enough information in its network
layer address to allow a router to forward it to the next device and ultimately
to its destination.
– Defines the format and use of the fields within a packet.
– The Internet Protocol (IP) and Novell's Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX),
DECnet, AppleTalk, Banyan VINES, and Xerox Network Systems (XNS)

• A Routing Protocol:
– Provides processes for sharing route information. Exchange topology info.
To determining the best routing paths and transporting packets through an
internetwork
– Also allows routers to communicate with other routers to update and
maintain the routing tables.
– Routing Information Protocol (RIP), Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
(IGRP), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Border Gateway Protocol (BGP),
and Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP).
Back to Routing
Path Determination
Path Determination
Routing Tables
• Routing tables contain the best routes to all known
networks.

• These routes can be either


– Static routes, which are entered manually by the system
administrator
– Or dynamic routes, which are constructed from
information passed between adjacent routers.

• A routing table entry contains:


– Each Destination
– The next hop IP address to reach that destination
– The metric for the route via that next hop
– Outbound router interface for the next hop
Routing Tables
Routing Algorithms and Metrics

• Routing protocols have one or more of the following design


goals:

Optimization
Simplicity and low overhead
Robustness and stability
Flexibility
Rapid convergence
Routing Algorithms and Metrics
Interior and Exterior Gateway Protocols
Interior and Exterior Gateway Protocols

• IGPs route data within an autonomous system.


RIP, RIPv2, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS

• EGPs route data between autonomous systems


Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
Interior Gateway Routing Protocols
• Link State and Distance Vector Routing Protocols

• Examples of distance-vector protocols:


Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP)

• Examples of link-state protocols:


Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS)
Mechanics of Subnetting
Subnetting
• Reasons for subnetting

– Provides addressing flexibility for the network


administrator.
• Each LAN must have its own network or subnetwork
address.

– Provides broadcast containment and low-level security on


the LAN.

– Provides some security since access to other subnets is


only available through the services of a router.
IP Address Bit Patterns
Introduction to Subnetting

• Host bits must are


reassigned (or
“borrowed”) as
network bits.
3 bits borrowed allows 23-2 or 6 subnets

• The starting point is


always the leftmost
host bit.
5 bits borrowed allows 25-2 or 30 subnets

12 bits borrowed allows 212-2 or 4094 subnets


Subnetting Chart (Bit Position and Value)
Subnetting Chart (Subnet Mask Identifier)
Subnetting
Subnetting Chart
Subnetting Example
• This is an example of subnetting the 192.168.10.0 class C
network into 8 subnets with 32 host addresses per subnet

• Note that the first and last subnets are not used (the first can be)
• Also the first and last host address in each subnet are not used
Example Host IP Address from Subnet 2

Packet Address 192.168.10.65 11000000.10101000.00001010.010 00001

Subnet Mask 255.255.255.224 11111111.11111111.11111111.111 00000

Subnet Address 192.168.10.64 11000000.10101000.00001010.010 00000

• The subnet mask is ANDed with the packet address to


determine the subnet address - as shown in the next slides
The Logical ANDing Process
Calculating the Subnet ID
Subnet Mask Defines the Number of Subnets
Summary

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