Two Phase Flow Hagerdown & Brown
Two Phase Flow Hagerdown & Brown
Two Phase Flow Hagerdown & Brown
Ref.1 : Brill & Beggs, Two Phase Flow in Pipes, 6th Edition, 1991.
Chapter 1 & 3.
Ref.2: Mokhatab et al, Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and
Processing, Gulf Publishing Com., 2006, Chapter 3.
Two-Phase Flow Properties
Holdup
1- Liquid and Gas Holdup (HL & Hg): HL is defined as the
ratio of the volume of a pipe segment occupied by liquid to
the volume of the pipe segment. The remainder of the pipe
segment is of course occupied by gas, which is referred to
as Hg. Hg = 1 – HL
k
HL Hg
Two-Phase Flow Properties
Velocity
1- Superficial Gas and Liquid Velocities (vsg & vsL):
qg qL
vsg , vsL where A is the pipe cross sectional area
A A
vm vsg vsL
3- Two-Phase Velocity (vm):
vs v g vL
4- Slip Velocity (vs): vsg
vsL vsL
For No Slip : vg vL or L
1 L L vm
Two-Phase Flow Properties
Viscosity
1- Liquid Viscosity (μL): μL may be calculated from the oil
and water viscosities with assumption of no slippage
between the oil and water phases as follows:
L o f o w f w
L o fo w f w
3- Liquid Surface Tension (σL):
Two-Phase Flow Regimes
Horizontal Flow
Two-phase flow regimes for horizontal flow are shown in
Figure 3-1. These horizontal flow regimes are defined as
follows.
Stratified (Smooth and Wavy) Flow: Stratified flow consists of two
superposed layers of gas and liquid, formed by segregation under the
influence of gravity.
Intermittent (Slug and Elongated Bubble) Flow: The intermittent
flow regime is usually divided into two subregimes: plug or elongated
bubble flow and slug flow. The elongated bubble flow regime can be
considered as a limiting case of slug flow, where the liquid slug is free
of entrained gas bubbles. Gas–liquid intermittent flow exists in the
whole range of pipe inclinations and over a wide range of gas and liquid
flow rates.
Two-Phase Flow Regimes
Horizontal Flow
Annular-Mist Flow: During annular flow, the liquid phase flows largely
as an annular film on the wall with gas flowing as a central core. Some of
the liquid is entrained as droplets in this gas core (mist flow).
Dispersed Bubble Flow: At high liquid rates and low gas rates, the gas is
dispersed as bubbles in a continuous liquid phase. The bubble density is
higher toward the top of the pipeline, but there are bubbles throughout the
cross section. Dispersed flow occurs only at high flow rates and high
pressures. This type of flow, which entails high-pressure loss, is rarely
encountered in flow lines.
Note that raw gas pipelines usually have stratified flow patterns.
In other words, raw gas lines are “sized” to be operated in
stratified flow during normal operation.
Two-Phase Flow Regimes
Vertical-Upward Flow
Flow regimes frequently encountered in upward vertical two-
phase flow are shown in Figure 3-2.These regimes are defined
as follows.
Slug Flow: Most of the gas is in the form of large bullet-shaped bubbles
that have a diameter almost reaching the pipe diameter. These bubbles
are referred to as “Taylor bubbles,” move uniformly upward, and are
separated by slugs of continuous liquid that bridge the pipe and contain
small gas bubbles. The gas bubble velocity is greater than that of the
liquid.
Two-Phase Flow Regimes
Vertical-Upward Flow
dP g f tp tp vm2
dv 2
s sin s m
dZ g c 2 gc d 2 g dL
Two-Phase Flow Correlations
General Equation
Many correlations have been developed for predicting two-
phase flow pressure gradients which differ in the manner
used to calculate the three terms of pressure gradients
equation (elevation change, friction and acceleration terms):
dP g f tp tp vm2
s vm2
s
dZ g c 2gcd 2 g c Z
Where:
n2
tp
s
vm2 vm2 (at P2 , T2 ) vm2 (at P1 , T1 )
Figure 3-1. Horizontal two-phase flow regimes (Cindric et al., 1987).
Figure 3-2. Upward vertical two-phase flow regimes (Shoham, 1982).
Figure 3-3. Poettmann
and Carpenter friction
factor correlation.
Figure 3-4. Baxendell
and Thomas friction
factor correlation.
Figure 3-5. Fancher
and Brown friction
factor correlation.
Figure 3-6. Correlating parameter, CNL.
Figure 3-7. Liquid holdup factor correlation, Pa=base pressure (14.7 psia).
Figure 3-8. Correlation of second correction factor, ψ