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Lec 1 Introduction To Nyquist Plots

- Nyquist plots represent both the amplitude and phase shift of a system on a single polar plot, without displaying frequency on any axis. The shape of the Nyquist plot can indicate features of the system's transfer function. - Gain and phase margins, which determine stability, can be read directly from the Nyquist plot. The gain margin is found from the distance to the -1 point at 180° phase shift, and the phase margin is the distance to 180° at a gain of 1. - Key features like the start and end points, axis crossing points, and asymptotes of the Nyquist plot can be determined mathematically from the system's transfer function.

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Muhammad Jawad
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66 views11 pages

Lec 1 Introduction To Nyquist Plots

- Nyquist plots represent both the amplitude and phase shift of a system on a single polar plot, without displaying frequency on any axis. The shape of the Nyquist plot can indicate features of the system's transfer function. - Gain and phase margins, which determine stability, can be read directly from the Nyquist plot. The gain margin is found from the distance to the -1 point at 180° phase shift, and the phase margin is the distance to 180° at a gain of 1. - Key features like the start and end points, axis crossing points, and asymptotes of the Nyquist plot can be determined mathematically from the system's transfer function.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Jawad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Nyquist Plots

Week 6 Lecture 1
Resource Persons: Dr Tariq Hamayun and Dr Jawad
This Lecture
By the end of this lecture, you should:
• Know about Nyquist plots
• Understand gain and phase margins and how
to find them.
• Some rules to draw Nyquist plot
Nyquist Plots
• Nyquist plots are closely related to Bode Plots
• They represent both amplitude and phase shift on a single polar
plot.
• Frequency is no longer presented on any axis.
• Amplitude is linear, not in dB.
• The shape of a Nyquist plot can be estimated from features of
the transfer function.
• For example, a Type 0 system has no phase shift at DC and a
finite DC gain, so its Nyquist plot will start on the real axis.
• A Type 1 system has an infinite DC gain, and 90° of phase shift at
DC.
• Any further poles will add more phase shift and reduce the gain.
• A second order system has 180° of phase shift at high frequencies
Nyquist plot for Type 0 and Type 1 Systems
Gain and Phase Margins
• It is possible to determine stability and to find gain
and phase margins from inspecting a Nyquist plot.
• Remember that a closed-loop system is stable if its
open-loop gain is less than 1 for a phase shift of
180°.
• Stability is shown by the Nyquist Point (-1) – if the
plot encircles that point, then the system is
unstable.
• Gain and phase margins are easy to read: Gain
margin is the reciprocal of gain at 180° phase shift,
phase margin is the distance to 180° at unity gain
Gain and Phase Margins
Gain and Phase Margins
• So the gain margin is found by taking the
reciprocal of the distance between the real
axis crossing and the origin.
• The phase margin is found by taking the angle
to the intersection of the curve and the unit
circle
Start and End Points
•• Drawing
  a Nyquist plot relies on finding features of the plot
mathematically, namely:
 Start and end points
 Axis crossing points
 Asymptotes
• To develop these, we’ll use a couple of examples.
• The start and end points of a Nyquist plot are easy to find,
For example,

• The DC gain (as ) is 2, hence the Nyquist plot will start at 2


on the real axis.
Angles of Departure
• The
  high frequency gain (as ) gives the end
point.
• In this case the high frequency gain is 0 so the
plot will end up at the origin.
• The Nyquist plot always leaves the axis at 90°
from a finite starting point.
• Poles go clockwise, zeros anticlockwise.
• The angle of arrival at the end point is given by
the high frequency phase shift, in this case -270°
(because there are three poles and no zeros)
Axis Crossing Points
• The
  curve must cross the imaginary and real axes
in moving clockwise from 0° to -270°
• The axis crossing points can be found by setting
and finding the points where either the real or
imaginary parts are zero.
Axis Crossing Points

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