APPLICATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
LESSON 1:
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
Four periods that characterized by a principal technology
used to solve the input, processing, output, and
communication problems of the time.
A. Pre-mechanical period
B. Mechanical period
C. Electromechanical period
D. Electronics period
A. The pre-mechanical period is the earliest age of information technology between
3000 B.C. And 1450 A.D.
1. Alphabets
Phoenicians – 2000 B.C. the early alphabet developed
Cuneiform – 3000 B.C system of writing developed by the ancient
Sumerians of Mesopotamia
Latin script or Roman Script – an alphabet
based on letter of the classical Latin
alphabet.
2. Paper and Pens: input technologies.
Sumerians' input technology was a stylus that could scratch
marks in wet clay.
About 2600 B.C., the Egyptians write on the papyrus plant
Around 100 A.D., the most popular kind of paper made by the
Chinese who made paper from rags.
3. Books: Permanent Storage Devices
• Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the earliest "books"
• The Egyptians kept scrolls
• Around 600 B.C., the Greeks began to fold sheets of papyrus
vertically into leaves and bind them together into a book-like
form.
4. The First Numbering Systems
The first numbering systems were invented between 100
and 200 A.D. by Hindus in India who created a nine-digit
numbering system.
Around 875 A.D., the concept of zero was developed.
5. The First Calculators: The Abacus.
Around 3000 BC to 1000 AD ABACUS was the 1st
information technologies developed it allows people to
record, store, and communicate information and knowledge
and to perform simple calculations with numbers.
B. The mechanical period as the time between 1450 and 1840.
1. The First Information Explosion.
In 1450, Johann Gutenberg invented the movable metal-
type printing press.
2. The first input, processing and output devises used
Slide rule
Pascaline.
Step Reckoner
Difference Engine
Analytical Engine
C. The electromechanical period as the time between 1840 and
1940.
Emerging technologies in this period are:
These are the beginnings of telecommunication
The telegraph was created in the early 1800s.
Morse Code was created by Samuel Morse in 1835
The telephone was created by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876
The first radio developed by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894
Tabulating Machine
Mark I
D. The electronic period as the time between 1940 and present.
The first all-electronic computer was the ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator and omputer).
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer) was built
using binary code in 1950.
FOUR GENERATIONS OF DIGITAL COMPUTING
1. The First Gen: Vacuum tubes as the main logic elements.
Punch cards to input and externally store data. Rotating
magnetic drums were used for internal storage of data and
programs. Programs are written in Machine language. Assembly
language requires a compiler.
2. The Second Generation (1959-1963): Vacuum tubes
replaced by transistors as main logic element. Punch
cards were replaced with magnetic tape, and rotating
magnetic drums were replaced by magnetic cores for
internal storage. During this time high-level programming
languages were created such as FORTRAN and COBOL.
3. The Third Generation (1964-1979): The third generation replaced
transistors with integrated circuits, magnetic tape was used
throughout all computers, and magnetic core turned into metal
oxide semiconductors. An actual operating system showed up
around this time along with the advanced programming language
BASIC.
4. The Fourth Generation (1979- Present): The fourth and
latest generation brought in CPUs (central processing units)
which contained memory, logic, and control circuits all on a
single chip. The personal computer was developed (Apple 2).
The graphical user interface (GUI) was developed.
Emerging technology trends
1. Network convergence the convergence of television, radio, the
internet, and the telephone system into a single, integrated
network.
2. Network computer a low-cost, stripped-down version of a
personal computer that will allow users to connect to the
internet.
3. Wireless mobile computing a new generation of wireless digital
devices that combine computing and two-way communication
capabilities.
4. Inexpensive supercomputer the desktop computer of the
future.
Examples of how information technology transforming lives
By way of communication
The way to do work.
New products designed with the help of a supercomputer.
How to learn?
How to play?
The way we travel.
What we can do by ourselves?
Our ability to move around
Our ability to predict the world around us
Information technology new jobs and careers
Learning Activity:
Summarize the history of computer. Make a
timeline fill in the name of the computer
corresponding the period of time and identify
the feature of each computer.
