‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

Electrical Engineering
Materials
1810212

Chapter 1
Introduction
Dr. Raed Ma’ali 1
 Objectives
• To understand the basic principles of Materials Science and
Engineering.

• To study the main components of MST.

• To study the main factors affecting the selection of materials for a

specific application.

• To study the general properties of materials.

• To study the atomic structure and interatomic bonding.

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 Introduction
• Material is the substance out of which a thing can be made.

• Materials can be classified as natural or synthetic.

• Materials can be classified as follows:-

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 Introduction
 The performance or functional requirements of a material usually are
expressed in terms of physical, mechanical, thermal, electrical,
optical, magnetic or chemical properties.
 Material properties are the link between the basic structure and
composition of the material and the service performance of the
component.

Material properties, the link between structure and performance.

 Introduction
 Materials science predicts how to improve the properties of materials
by understanding how to control their structure.
 The materials engineer specializes in linking properties to design
through a deep understanding of material properties and the
processing of materials.
 Using the knowledge of Materials Science and Engineering
enables engineers to convert materials into products needed by
society.
 Introduction
• It is very important for any engineer to study and understand the
concepts of Materials Science and Engineering.

This enables him to:

• Select a materials for a specific application.

• Understand the limits of materials and the change of their properties

with use.
• Be able to create a new material that have desirable properties.

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 Levels of Structure
• Subatomic Level: involves electrons within the individual atoms.

• Atomic Level: organization of atoms relative to one another.

• Microscopic Level: large group of atoms agglomerated together.

• Macroscopic Level: structural elements that may be viewed with the

naked eye.

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 Material Properties
 Materials properties depend on chemical composition and structure of
materials.
Categories Characteristic Examples
Mechanical Stress Strength, Stiffness

Electrical Electrical Field Electrical Conductivity

Thermal Temp. Gradient Thermal Conductivity

Optical Light Radiation Index of Refraction

Magnetic Magnetic Field Paramagnetism
Chemical Chemical Activity Oxidation

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 The Material Selection Process

• Pick application determine required properties.

Properties: mechanical, thermal, optical, electrical, magnetic, chemical.

• Properties identify candidate materials

Material: structure, composition.

• Material Identify required processing.

Processing changes structure and overall shape.

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 Atomic Structure
• Each atom consists of nucleus [Protons and Neutrons] and moving
electrons.
• Charge of proton = + 1.602 X 10-19 C

• Charge of electron = - 1.602 X 10-19 C

• Neutron is electrically neutral.

• The mass of each proton or neutron is 1.67 X 10-27 kg.

• The mass of electron is 9.11 X 10-31 kg.

• For an electrically neutral atom, Atomic number (Z) = # of protons =

# of electrons.

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 Atomic Structure
• The atomic mass (A) = masses of protons + masses of neutrons.

• The number of protons in the same atoms is constant but the number of
neutrons may be variable.
• Isotopes: atoms of the same element that have different masses
[difference in neutrons #].
• Atomic weight is the average weight of the atomic masses of isotopes.

• Atomic mass unit (amu) 1/12 atomic mass of 12C (A = 12).

• 1 mole = Avogadro's number (6.022 X 1023).

• The unit of atomic weight is g/mole.

• 1 amu = 1 g/ mole.

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 Atomic Models
• Bohr Atomic Model states • The energies of e’s are quantized.
that electrons are assumed to • The energy levels do not vary
revolve around the nucleus in continuously with energy.
discrete orbitals.

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 Atomic Models

• Wave Mechanical Model: the

electron exhibits both wavelike

and particle like characteristics.

• The electron is not treated as a

particle moving in an orbital.

• The position is described by the

probability distribution or electron

Bohr and Wave Mechanical
cloud. models for hydrogen atom.
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 Electron Configuration
Electron Configuration: presents the manner in which the energy states
are occupied.

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 Electron Configuration
• Pauli Exclusion Principle: each electron state can hold no more than 2
e’s.
• Aufbau Principle: the orbitals are filled in the increasing order of their
energies (in the ground state).

• Hund’s Rule: greater total spin makes the atom more stable.
• Notes:

1. Filled and half filled orbitals are more stable.

2. Valence electrons are e’s that occupy the outermost shell.

• Examples:

B5: 1s2, 2S2, 2p1, N7: 1s2, 2S2, 2p3, Ca20:1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2.

Cu29:1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2, 3p6 3d10 4s1, Cr24:1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2, 3p6 3d5 4s1. 15
 Electron Configuration
• Ground State: e’s occupy the lowest possible energy levels.

• Excited State: occurs when electron transitions.

• An electron may change its energy level by energy absorption or

emission.

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The Periodic Table

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 The Periodic Table
• Most elements are called electropositive while the elements on the right
side are electronegative.

• The elements in the group have the same number of valence e’s.

• The elements in the period have the same outermost occupied energy
level.

• Alkali metals (Group IA), Alkaline earth metals (Group IIA), Halogens
(Group VII A) & Noble gases (Group VII A).
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Bonding Forces and Energies

• EN = Net Energy.
• EA = Attractive energy.
• ER = Repulsive energy.
• The bond energy: is the
energy required to break
the chemical bond [E at r0
(0.3 nm)]
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 Interatomic Bonding

• Primary bonding

 Ionic.

 Covalent.

 Metallic.

• Secondary bonding

 Van der Waals forces.

 Dipole-dipole interactions.

 Hydrogen bonding

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 IONIC BONDING
• It is found in compounds that contain metallic and nonmetallic
elements (NaCl).
• Attraction: Coulombic force

A ( Z1e)( Z 2 e) 1
EA    
r 4 0 r
• Repulsive energy
• n8
B
ER  n
r
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 Characteristics of Ionic Bonding
• Characteristics of Ionic Bonding:

(i) transfer of electrons between adjacent atoms.

(ii) non-directional.

(iii) nearest neighbors must be ions with opposite charges.

(iv) a majority of ceramics have ionic bonding.

(v) high bonding energies 600-1500 kJ/mol.

• Ceramics & insulators typically have ionic bonding and they are usually
hard and brittle.

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 COVALENT BONDING

• Electrons are shared between adjacent

atoms to reach stable configuration.

• Shared electrons are considered to

belong to both atoms.

• # of covalent bonds = 8 - # of valence

electrons.

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 COVALENT BONDING

• Characteristics:

(1) Electrons are shared between adjacent atoms.

(2) highly directional.

(3) wide range of bonding energies (<700kJ/mol).

• Typical Materials:

CH4, H2O, HF, Ga, As, SiC, diamond (C), Si, Ge

large molecules: solid polymers

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 METALLIC BONDING

• Free electrons (valence e-) sea + ion cores.

• Free e- act as glues.

• Typically metals & alloys.

• Characteristics:

(1) Free electrons sea.

(2) Non-directional bonding.

(3) Wide range of bonding energies (68-850 kJ/mole).

(4) Good conductors.

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 SECONDARY BONDING
• Dipole-Dipole forces.

• They are attractions between molecules that have dipole moments.

• Dipole: a pair of equal opposite electrical charges that are separated by a small
distance.
• Example: HCl, CO, HBr, etc.
• Hydrogen Bonding.
• It occurs in molecules containing hydrogen bonded to highly electronegative
element such as O, N, and F.
• It is the strongest secondary bonding.
• Examples: H2O, NH3, and HF.

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 SECONDARY BONDING
• Van der Waals bonding.
• It occurs due to instantaneous dipoles.

• Characteristic: weak bonds (10 kJ/mol).

• Examples: inert gas.

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