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Introduction To Artificial Intelligence (AI)

This document provides an introduction to artificial intelligence (AI). It defines AI as the automation of human thinking processes like decision making, problem solving, and learning. AI is also defined as the study of creating computational systems that can perceive, reason, and act. The document then categorizes approaches to AI into four areas: systems that think like humans using cognitive science; systems that think rationally using logic; systems that act like humans by passing the Turing test; and systems that act rationally by optimizing utility. It also briefly discusses the history, connections to other fields, debates around strong vs weak AI, and some successes of AI systems.

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Iqra Imtiaz
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638 views24 pages

Introduction To Artificial Intelligence (AI)

This document provides an introduction to artificial intelligence (AI). It defines AI as the automation of human thinking processes like decision making, problem solving, and learning. AI is also defined as the study of creating computational systems that can perceive, reason, and act. The document then categorizes approaches to AI into four areas: systems that think like humans using cognitive science; systems that think rationally using logic; systems that act like humans by passing the Turing test; and systems that act rationally by optimizing utility. It also briefly discusses the history, connections to other fields, debates around strong vs weak AI, and some successes of AI systems.

Uploaded by

Iqra Imtiaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Artificial

Intelligence (AI)
What is Artificial Intelligence
o The automation of activities that we associate with human
thinking, activities such as decision making, problem solving,
learning (Bellman, 1978)

o The study of computation that make it possible to perceive,


reason and act (Winston, 1992)

o The art of how to make computers do things at which, at the


moment, people are better (Rich and Knight, 1991)

o A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent


behavior in terms of computational process (Schalkoff, 1990)
 AI . . . is concerned with intelligent behavior in artifacts.”
2
What is Artificial Intelligence
o They are organized into four categories:

System that think System that think


like humans rationally
System that act like System that act
humans rationally

3
Acting Humanly
 AI is: “The art of creating machines that perform
functions that require intelligence when performed by
people” (Kurzweil)
 Ultimately to be tested by the Turing Test
 Turing predicted that by the year 2000, machines
would be able to fool 30% of human judges for five
minutes

4
In practice
 Needs:
◦ Natural language processing
◦ Knowledge representation
◦ Automated reasoning
◦ Machine learning
 Too general a problem – unsolved in the general
case
 Intelligence takes many forms, which are not
necessarily best tested this way
Turing Test: Criticism
• What are some potential problems with the Turing Test?
◦ Some human behavior is not intelligent
◦ Some intelligent behavior may not be human
Thinking humanly
• Cognitive science: the brain as an information
processing machine
◦ Requires scientific theories of how the brain works
• How to understand cognition as a computational
process?
◦ Introspection: try to think about how we think
◦ Predict and test behavior of human subjects
◦ Image the brain, record neurons
• The latter two methodologies are the domains of
cognitive science and cognitive neuroscience
Thinking rationally
• Idealized or “right” way of thinking
• Logic: patterns of argument that always yield correct
conclusions when supplied with correct premises
◦ “Socrates is a man; all men are mortal; therefore Socrates is
mortal.”
• Beginning with Aristotle, philosophers and
mathematicians have attempted to formalize the rules
of logical thought
• Logicist approach to AI: describe problem in formal
logical notation and apply general deduction
procedures to solve it
Thinking rationally
• Problems with the logicist approach
◦ Computational complexity of finding the solution
◦ Describing real-world problems and knowledge in
logical notation
◦ Dealing with uncertainty
◦ A lot of intelligent or “rational” behavior has nothing
to do with logic
Facts and Rules in
Theorem Prover
Formal Logic
Acting rationally: Rational agent
• A rational agent is one that acts to achieve the best
expected outcome
• AI is viewed as the study and construction of rational
agents.
• Goals are application-dependent and are expressed in
terms of the utility of outcomes
• Being rational means maximizing your expected utility
• In practice, utility optimization is subject to the agent’s
computational constraints
• This definition of rationality only concerns the
decisions/actions that are made, not the cognitive process
behind them
Acting rationally: Rational agent
• Advantages of the “utility maximization” formulation
◦ Generality: goes beyond explicit reasoning, and even human
cognition altogether
◦ Practicality: can be adapted to many real-world problems
◦ Amenable to good scientific and engineering methodology
◦ Avoids philosophy and psychology
What is AI ?

“Like People” “Rationally”

Think Cognitive Science Laws of Thought

Act Turing Test Rational Agents

CS 362
Strong vs. Weak AI

•There are two major ways to think about the future and
current utilization and power of artificial intelligence.
•The weak AI hypothesis states that a machine running a
program is at most only capable of simulating real human
behavior and consciousness (or understanding, if you prefer).

•Strong AI, on the other hand, purports that the correctly


written program running on a machine actually is a mind --
that is, there is no essential difference between a (yet to be
written) piece of software exactly emulating the actions of the
brain, and the actions of a human being, including their
understanding and consciousness.
AI Connections
 Philosophy logic, methods of reasoning, mind vs. matter,
foundations of learning and knowledge

 Mathematics logic, probability, optimization

 Economics utility, decision theory

 Neuroscience biological basis of intelligence

 Cognitive science computational models of human intelligence

 Linguistics rules of language, language acquisition

 Machine learning design of systems that use experience to


improve performance

 Control theory design of dynamical systems that use a


controller to achieve desired behavior

 Computer engineering, mechanical engineering, robotics, …


Brief History of AI

15
Some Success of AI: Google self-driving cars

• Google’s self-driving car passes 300,000 miles (Forbes, 8/15/2012)


IBM Watson

• http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/watson/
• NY Times article
• Trivia demo
• IBM Watson wins on Jeopardy (February 2011)
Natural Language
• Speech technologies
• Google voice search
• Apple Siri

• Machine translation
• translate.google.com
• Comparison of several translation systems
Vision
• OCR, handwriting recognition
• Face detection/recognition: many consumer cameras,
Apple iPhoto
• Visual search: Google Goggles
• Vehicle safety systems: Mobileye
Math, games
• In 1996, a computer program written by researchers
at Argonne National Laboratory proved a
mathematical conjecture unsolved for decades
• NY Times story: “[The proof] would have been called
creative if a human had thought of it”
• IBM’s Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess
champion Garry Kasparov in 1997
• 1996: Kasparov Beats Deep Blue
• 1997: Deep Blue Beats Kasparov
• In 2007, checkers was “solved”
Logistics, scheduling, planning

• During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI


logistics planning and scheduling program that
involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people
• NASA’s Remote Agent software operated the Deep
Space 1 spacecraft during two experiments in May
1999
• In 2004, NASA introduced the MAPGEN system to
plan the daily operations for the Mars Exploration
Rovers
Information agents
• Search engines
• Recommendation systems
• Spam filtering
• Automated helpdesks
• Fraud detection
• Automated trading
• Medical diagnosis
Robotics
• Mars rovers
• Autonomous vehicles
◦ DARPA Grand Challenge
◦ Google self-driving cars
• Autonomous helicopters
• Robot soccer
◦ RoboCup
• Personal robotics
◦ Humanoid robots
◦ Robotic pets
References
 daisypodcast.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/chap1.ppt
 Mostly slides taken from:
web.engr.illinois.edu/~slazebni/fall12/lec01_intro.pptx
 www.just.edu.jo/~najadat/Artificial
%20Intelligence/Chapter_1.ppt

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