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    Presen V.Prem: Ted by Prasad

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    Ashutosh Sharma
    The document discusses cell signaling and communication between cells. It explains that cells signal to nearby or distant cells through chemicals released into the extracellular fluid from hormones, cytokines or signals secreted by the cells themselves. The ability of cells to perceive and respond to their environment through signaling is crucial for processes like development, tissue repair and immunity. The document then discusses various modes of cell signaling like autocrine, paracrine and endocrine signaling and the steps involved in cell signaling from synthesis to signal removal. It also explains different types of ion channels involved in cell signaling like ligand-gated channels and signal-gated channels.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Presen V.Prem: Ted by Prasad

    Uploaded by

    Ashutosh Sharma
    61 views46 pages
    The document discusses cell signaling and communication between cells. It explains that cells signal to nearby or distant cells through chemicals released into the extracellular fluid from hormones, cytokines or signals secreted by the cells themselves. The ability of cells to perceive and respond to their environment through signaling is crucial for processes like development, tissue repair and immunity. The document then discusses various modes of cell signaling like autocrine, paracrine and endocrine signaling and the steps involved in cell signaling from synthesis to signal removal. It also explains different types of ion channels involved in cell signaling like ligand-gated channels and signal-gated channels.

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    cellsignaling

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    The document discusses cell signaling and communication between cells. It explains that cells signal to nearby or distant cells through chemicals released into the extracellular fluid from hormones, cytokines or signals secreted by the cells themselves. The ability of cells to perceive and respond to their environment through signaling is crucial for processes like development, tissue repair and immunity. The document then discusses various modes of cell signaling like autocrine, paracrine and endocrine signaling and the steps involved in cell signaling from synthesis to signal removal. It also explains different types of ion channels involved in cell signaling like ligand-gated channels and signal-gated channels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    61 views46 pages

    Presen V.Prem: Ted by Prasad

    Uploaded by

    Ashutosh Sharma
    The document discusses cell signaling and communication between cells. It explains that cells signal to nearby or distant cells through chemicals released into the extracellular fluid from hormones, cytokines or signals secreted by the cells themselves. The ability of cells to perceive and respond to their environment through signaling is crucial for processes like development, tissue repair and immunity. The document then discusses various modes of cell signaling like autocrine, paracrine and endocrine signaling and the steps involved in cell signaling from synthesis to signal removal. It also explains different types of ion channels involved in cell signaling like ligand-gated channels and signal-gated channels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 46

    PRESENT E D B Y

    V.Prem P ra s a d
    M.Pharmacy 1 st Year( pharmacology) 1
    CONTENTS

     Introduction
     Modes of cell signaling
     Communication between cells
     Signal transduction
     Ion channels

    2
    INTRODUCTION:

     Cells must be ready to respond to essential signals in their environment. These


    are often chemicals in the extracellular fluid ( E C F ) from:

    distant locations -  signaling by hormones;


    nearby cells  cytokines;
    or
    even secreted by themselves .

     Long-range allostery is often a significant component of cell


    signaling events.

    3
    C E L L SIGNALING

     Ce ll s i g na l i n g is part of a complex system of communication that governs basic


    cellular activities and coordinates cell actions.

     The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the
    basis of development, tissue repair, and immunity as well as normal tissue homeostasis

     Errors in cellular information processing are responsible for diseases such as cancer,
    autoimmunity, and diabetes. By understanding cell signaling, diseases may be treated
    effectively and, theoretically, artificial tissues may be created.

    4
    5
    C E L L S I GNALI NG & S I G N A L
    TRANSDUCTTION
     Why do cells communicate
     How are signals transmitted between cells
     How are signals transmitted across cell membranes
    into cell interior

    How are signals transmitted within a cell

    How do signals affect a cell function

    6
    7
    8
    S T E P S IN C E L L S IG N AL I N G
    S Y N T H E S I S O F S IG N A L L IN G
    MOLECULES

    R E L E A S E O F S I G NA L LI NG M O L E C U L E S

    T R A N S P O R T O F S I G N A L TO TA R G E T
    CELLS

    D E T E C T I O N & BINDING O F S I G N A L B Y
    SPECIFIC RECEPTOR

    C H A N G E S D U E TO R E C E P T O R - S I G N A L C O M P L E X

    S I G N A L R E M OVA L &
    R E S P N O S E TERMINATION 9
    C L A S S IF IC A T IO N O F IN T E R C E L L U L A R
    C O M M U N I C AT I O N

    Intercellular signaling is subdivided into the following classifications:

     Autocrine signals target the cell itself. Sometimes autocrine cells can target cells
    close by if they are the same type of cell as the emitting cell. An example of this are
    immune cells.

     Pa r a c r i n e signals target cells in the vicinity of the emitting cell. neurotransmitters


    represent an example.

     E n d o c r i n e signals target distant cells. Endocrine cells produce hormones that travel
    through the blood to reach all parts of the body.

     J u x ta c r i n e signals target adjacent (touching) cells. These signals are transmitted


    along cell membranes via protein or lipid components integral to the membrane and are
    capable of affecting either the emitting cell or cells immediately adjacent.

    10
    11
    12
    13
    J U X TA C R I N E S I G N A LI N G

    ME MB R ANE -ANC H O R E D
    LIGANDS

    e.g.*Notch signalling.

    NE IG HB O UR ING
    CELLS

    14
    15
    16
    17
    18
    19
    20
    21
    22
    23
    24
    25
    26
    27
    28
    29
    30
    Ion Channels

    31
    Schemati c diagram of an ion channel
    1- Channel domains(typically
    four per channel),
    2 - Outer vestibule,
    3 - Selectivity filter,
    4 - Diameter of selectivity
    filter,
    5 - Phosphorylation site,
    6 - Cell membrane.

    32
    Cell membrane

    33
    Membrane transport proteins

    34
    Ion channels are not pumps
    Only ion channels have an aqueous pore that crosses the
    membrane

    35
    Channels are made up of subunits

     Ion channels are made from 2-6 similar proteins or homologous


    structural units ‐ P O R E- FO R M I N G S U B U N I T S - they associate creating
    the functional ion channel
     In addition, many channels contain the auxiliary regulatory subunits
    36
    Channels are made up of subunits

     Pore-forming subunits contain an ‐helix made by ~20 hydrophobic


    amino acids which interact with the annular phospholipids of the lipid
    bilayer
    37
    Ion channel types (by gating)

    38
    Ligand-gated channels
    Typically, these are ion channels located on the postsynaptic
    (receiving) side of the neuron
    Some act in response to a secreted (external) ligand- typically a
    neurotransmitter such as
    • Acetylcholine (ACh)
    • GABA
    • Glycine
    • Glutamate
    Some act in response to internal ligands such as G-proteins,
    cGMP and cAMP, and are also regulated by internal metabolites
    such as phosphoinositides, arachidonic acid, calcium.

    39
    Signal-gated channels
    Atrial m2 receptor-G protein-
    coupled K + channels

    40
    Modifiers of Channel Gating
    (curare)
    (alpha-
    bungarotoxin)
    (AC h)

    Binding of exogenous ligands


    can block gating

    41
    Modifiers of Channel Gating

    Ion permeation can be


    prevented by pore blockers,
    e.g. voltage-dependent
    block of NMDARs by Mg 2 +

    42
    Modifiers of Channel Gating
    Current

    Time
    Open

    Close
    d

    Open

    Closed

    Exogenous modulators can modify the action of endogenous ligands


    43
     B u Z, Callaway D J (2011). "Proteins MOVE! Protein dynamics and long-range allostery
    in cell signaling". Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology. Advances in
    Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology 83: 163–221.

     R a n g & Dale's Pharmacology

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_signaling

     http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/CellSignaling.html

     www.authorstream.com/.../shona6685-645587-ppt-cel l -signal ing

    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC151254/

     Congreve M, Marshall F (March 2010). "The impact of G P C R structures on


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